@inproceedings{ad6db4c704c14f60931940911ca8b11e,
title = "A 2 μW, 95nV/rtHz, chopper-stabilized instrumentation amplifier for chronic measurement of bio-potentials",
abstract = "This paper describes a micropower instrumentation amplifier that enables chronic biopotential sensing in battery powered applications. The amplifier is chopper-stabilized to eliminate excess noise from 1/f or popcorn processes, insuring the highest fidelity of signal measurement for diagnostic analysis. The circuit consumes 2.0 μW of power from a 1.8V supply, with a noise floor of 0.94μVrms in a bandwidth from 0.05 to 100Hz; the resulting noise-efficiency factor of 3.6 is the lowest published to date. The specific implementation of chopper stabilization also provides railto-rail inputs and 100dB CMRR at low frequency. A digitally programmable on-chip high pass filter (0.05Hz, 0.5Hz and 2.5Hz) is used to suppress front-end electrode offsets while maintaining relevant physiological data. Although the focus of this paper is on biopotential sensing, the circuit architecture is also useful for a variety of micropower sensor interfaces using synchronous demodulation.",
keywords = "Biosensing, Chopper stabilization, ECG, EEG, Instrumentation amplifier, Micropower, Synchronous detection",
author = "Timothy Denison and Kelly Consoer and Wesley Santa and Greg Molnar and Keith Miesel",
year = "2007",
doi = "10.1109/imtc.2007.379022",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "1424410800",
series = "Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
booktitle = "2007 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology, IMTC 2007 - Conference Proceedings - Synergy of Science and Technology in Instrumentation and Measurement",
note = "2007 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology, IMTC 2007 - Synergy of Science and Technology in Instrumentation and Measurement ; Conference date: 01-05-2007 Through 03-05-2007",
}