A glutamate-substituted mutant mimics the phosphorylated and active form of guanylyl cyclase-A

Multisite phosphorylation is required for activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC)-A, also known as NPR-A or NPR1, by cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs). Seven chemically identified sites (Ser- 487, Ser-497, Thr-500, Ser-502, Ser-506, Ser-510, and Thr-513) and one functionally identified putative site (Ser-473) were reported. Single alanine substitutions for Ser-497, Thr-500, Ser-502, Ser-506, and Ser-510 reduced maximal velocity (V_max), whereas glutamate substitutions had no effect or increased V_max. Ala but not Glu substitution for Ser-497 increased the Michaelis constant (K_m) approximately 400%. A GC-A mutant containing Glu substitutions for all seven chemically identified sites (GC-A-7E) had a K_m approximately 10-fold higher than phosphorylated wild-type (WT) GC-A, but one additional substitution for Ser-473 to make GC-A-8E resulted in the same V_max, K_m, and EC₅₀ as the phosphorylated WT enzyme. Adding more glutamates to make GC-A-9E or GC-A-10E had little effect on activity, and sequential deletion of individual glutamates in GC-A- 8E progressively increased the Km. Double Ala substitutions for Ser-497 and either Thr-500, Ser-510 or Thr-513 in WT-GC-A increased the Km 23- to 70-fold but the same mutations in GC-A- 8E only increased the K_m 8-fold, consistent with one site affecting the phosphorylation of other sites. Phosphate measurements confirmed that single-site Ala substitutions reduced receptor phosphate levels more than expected for the loss of a single site. We conclude that a concentrated region of negative charge, not steric properties, resulting from multiple interdependent phosphorylation sites is required for a GC-A conformation capable of transmitting the hormone binding signal to the catalytic domain.