Abstract
Background Acute increase of serum creatinine (SCr) after partial nephrectomy (PN) is primarily due to parenchymal mass reduction or ischemia; however, only ischemia can impact subsequent functional recovery. Objective We evaluate etiologies of acute kidney injury (AKI) after PN and their prognostic significance. Design, setting, and participants From 2007-2014, 83 solitary kidneys managed with PN had necessary studies for detailed analysis of function and parenchymal mass before/after surgery. AKI was classified by Risk/Injury/Failure/Loss/Endstage classification and defined by either standard criteria (comparison to preoperative SCr) or proposed criteria (comparison to projected postoperative SCr based on parenchymal mass reduction). Subsequent recovery was defined as percent function preserved/percent mass saved. Intervention PN. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Predictive factors for AKI were evaluated by logistic regression. Relationship between AKI grade and subsequent functional recovery was assessed by linear regression. Results and limitations Median duration warm ischemia (n = 39) was 20 min and hypothermia (n = 44) was 29 min. Median parenchymal mass reduction was 11%. AKI occurred in 45 patients based on standard criteria and 38 based on proposed criteria, and reflected injury/failure (grade = 2/3) in 23 and 16 patients, respectively. On multivariable analysis, only ischemia time associated with AKI occurrence (p = 0.016). Based on the proposed criteria, median recovery from ischemia was 99% in patients without AKI and 95%/90%/88% for patients with grades 1/2/3 AKI, respectively. The coefficient for association between AKI grade based on proposed criteria and subsequent functional recovery was -4.168 (p = 0.018). Main limitation is limited patient cohort. Conclusions Parenchymal mass reduction and ischemia both contribute to acute changes in SCr after PN. Classification of AKI by proposed criteria significantly associates with subsequent functional recovery. However, more robust numbers will be needed to further assess the merits of the proposed criteria. While AKI is associated with suboptimal recovery, even patients with grade 2/3 AKI reached 88-90% of recovery expected. Patient summary Acute decline in function after partial nephrectomy associates with more prolonged ischemia time, and appears to impact subsequent functional recovery. However, most kidneys eventually recover strongly, even if their function is sluggish in the first few days after surgery.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 745-752 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | European Urology |
| Volume | 69 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Apr 1 2016 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Incidence of AKI after PN in patients with a solitary kidney is substantial and associates with duration but not type of ischemia. Classification of AKI by the proposed criteria, which normalizes for parenchymal mass reduction and thus more accurately reflects the impact of ischemia, associates with subsequent functional recovery. However, more robust cohorts will be needed to further assess the merits of the proposed criteria relative to the standard criteria. While presence and degree of AKI associated with suboptimal recovery, even patients with grades 2 and 3 AKI reached 88–90% of recovery expected based on nephron mass preservation. Further studies with longitudinal follow-up will be required to validate our findings and to assess the ultimate impact of AKI after PN. Author contributions: Steven C. Campbell had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Zhang, Zhao, Campbell. Acquisition of data: Zhang, Zhao, Remer, Campbell. Analysis and interpretation of data: Zhang, Zhao, Remer, Li, Demirjian, Zabell, Campbell. Drafting of the manuscript: Zhang, Zhao, Zabell, Campbell. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Zhang, Zhao, Demirjian, Zabell, Campbell. Statistical analysis: Zhang, Zhao, Li. Obtaining funding: None. Administrative, technical, or material support: Campbell. Supervision: Campbell. Other: None. Financial disclosures: Steven C. Campbell certifies that all conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript (eg, employment/affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, or patents filed, received, or pending), are the following: None. Funding/Support and role of the sponsor: None. Acknowledgments: Dr. Zhang is funded by China Scholarship Council. Appendix A
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 European Association of Urology.
Keywords
- Acute kidney injury
- Functional recovery
- Ischemia
- Parenchymal mass reduction
- Partial nephrectomy