An improved low-Reynolds-number κ-ε turbulence model for recirculating flows

A revised form of the low-Reynolds-number κ-ε turbulence model is presented that aptly describes recirculating (separated and reattached) flows. The revised model is well suited for low to moderate Reynolds numbers. It is applied to two-dimensional channel flows, flow over a backward facing step, and flow over a forward facing step to calculate flow fields and surface heat or mass transfer rates. Results from the present model are in better agreement with experimental data than other low-Reynoldsnumber models. Asymmetric flow through an array of rectangular cylinders, as well as in a two-dimensional symmetric sudden expansion duct, is found numerically and supported by experimental results.