TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of a regulatory measurement system for the determination of the non-volatile particulate matter emissions from commercial aircraft engines
AU - Kinsey, John S.
AU - Giannelli, Robert
AU - Howard, Robert
AU - Hoffman, Brandon
AU - Frazee, Richard
AU - Aldridge, Michael
AU - Leggett, Cullen
AU - Stevens, Katherine
AU - Kittelson, David
AU - Silvis, William
AU - Stevens, Jeffrey
AU - Lobo, Prem
AU - Achterberg, Steven
AU - Swanson, Jacob
AU - Thomson, Kevin
AU - McArthur, Timothy
AU - Hagen, Donald
AU - Trueblood, Max
AU - Wolff, Lindsay
AU - Liscinsky, David
AU - Arey, Russell
AU - Cerully, Kate
AU - Miake-Lye, Richard
AU - Onasch, Timothy
AU - Freedman, Andrew
AU - Bachalo, William
AU - Payne, Gregory
AU - Durlicki, Mikal
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020
PY - 2021/5
Y1 - 2021/5
N2 - The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15–30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20–70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference.
AB - The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15–30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20–70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference.
KW - Aerosol sampling systems
KW - Aircraft turbine engines
KW - Black carbon
KW - Combustion aerosols
KW - Elemental carbon
KW - Laboratory generated soot
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105734
DO - 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105734
M3 - Article
C2 - 35949248
AN - SCOPUS:85098971113
SN - 0021-8502
VL - 154
JO - Journal of Aerosol Science
JF - Journal of Aerosol Science
M1 - 105734
ER -