Abstract
Human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD) undergoes metabolic activation to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), hydroxymethylvinyl ketone (HMVK), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). Among these, DEB is by far the most genotoxic metabolite and is considered the ultimate carcinogenic species of BD. We have shown previously that BD-exposed laboratory mice form 8- to 10-fold more DEB-DNA adducts than rats exposed at the same conditions, which may be responsible for the enhanced sensitivity of mice to BD-mediated cancer. In the present study, we have identified 1,4-bis-(N-acetyl-l-cystein-S-yl) butane-2,3-diol (bis-BDMA) as a novel DEB-specific urinary biomarker. Isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography- electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to quantify bis-BDMA and three other BD-mercapturic acids, 2-(N-acetyl-l-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(Nacetyl- l-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxy-but-3-ene (MHBMA, from EB), 4-(N-acetyl-l-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA, from HMVK) and 4-(N-acetyl-l-cystein-S-yl)-1,2,3-trihydroxybutane (THBMA, from EBD), in urine of confirmed smokers, occupationally exposed workers and BD-exposed laboratory rats. Bis- BDMA was formed in a dose-dependent manner in urine of rats exposed to 0-200 p.p.m. BD by inhalation, although it was a minor metabolite (1%) as compared with DHBMA (47%) and THBMA (37%). In humans, DHBMA was the most abundant BD-mercapturic acid excreted (93%), followed by THBMA (5%) and MHBMA (2%), whereas no bis-BDMA was detected. These results reveal significant differences in metabolism of BD between rats and humans.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 1371-1378 |
Number of pages | 8 |
Journal | Carcinogenesis |
Volume | 35 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 2014 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:National Cancer Institute (CA-138338). Animal exposures were covered by a grant from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES012689-05, sub-award 5-51624). The mass spectrometry analyses were performed at the Analytical Biochemistry Facility Core of the University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, which is supported in part by grant CA-77598 from the U.S. National Cancer Institute. S.K. was partially supported by a doctoral dissertation fellowship from the University of Minnesota Graduate School.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.