Can batch or semi-batch processes save energy in reverse-osmosis desalination?

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• batch process 100%
• reverse osmosis 78%
• energy saving 40%
• energy 37%
• thermodynamics 19%
• energy recovery 14%
• polarization 10%
• seawater 9%
• loss 6%
• cost 6%
• modeling 5%
• analysis 3%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Reverse osmosis 98%
• Desalination 88%
• Energy conservation 30%
• Thermodynamics 21%
• Recovery 17%
• Seawater 13%
• Polarization 11%
• Numerical models 10%
• Networks (circuits) 6%
• Costs 4%

Chemical Compounds

• Reverse Osmosis 90%
• Energy 35%
• Thermodynamics 13%
• Flexibility 8%
• Polarization 8%
• Reduction 4%