Carbonic anhydrase IX expression is associated with improved outcome of high-dose interleukin-2 therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Aim: The objectives of this study were to evaluate treatment responses to high-dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and assess correlation between responses and prognostic factors, such as histology, site of metastatic disease, prior treatment, prior nephrectomy, and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on all mRCC patients treated with HD IL-2 between 1996 and 2006 at the University of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. A cycle of HD IL-2 consisted of 600,000 U/kg given once every 8 hours for 14 doses. Cycles were repeated until disease progression or intolerable toxicities developed. CAIX expression and staining intensity were evaluated on available primary tumor tissue. Results: Forty-seven patients with mRCC were identified. Of the 107 cycles of therapy that were given, 97.1% of patients received only two cycles of therapy. Complete response and partial response were seen in 3 (6%) and 15 (32%) patients, respectively. The overall disease control rate was 42.6%. The longest durable CR was 72 months and the shortest was 45 months. The median time to disease progression in patients with a CR or PR was 12 months. Patients with a Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center prognostic score of T were two times more likely to progress after two cycles than patients with a score of '0'. No response was observed in patients whose tumors were negative for CAIX by immunoperoxidase staining. Conclusion: HD IL-2 is a reasonable option for first-line therapy for selected patients with mRCC. Patients with tumors negative for CAIX may not benefit from HD IL-2 therapy. Further research is necessary to define patients with a higher likelihood of disease response to this therapy.