Abstract
Glucose homeostasis requires an organism to rapidly respond to changes in plasma glucose concentrations. Iatrogenic hypoglycemia as a result of treatment with insulin or sulfonylureas is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in humans and is generally only seen in patients with diabetes who take these medications. The first response to a fall in glucose is the detection of impending hypoglycemia by hypoglycemia-detecting sensors, including glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus and other regions. This detection is then linked to a series of neural and hormonal responses that serve to prevent the fall in blood glucose and restore euglycemia. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about central glucose sensing and how detection of a fall in glucose leads to the stimulation of counterregulatory hormone and behavior responses. We also review how diabetes and recurrent hypoglycemia impact glucose sensing and counterregulation, leading to development of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in diabetes.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 768-788 |
Number of pages | 21 |
Journal | Endocrine reviews |
Volume | 40 |
Issue number | 3 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Dec 24 2018 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Disclosure Summary: S.A.S. consults for Redpin Therapeutics. E.R.S. has previously consulted for Sanofi, Lilly, Medscape, and Zucara, has received grant funding from Lilly for research through her institution, and is a member of the International Hypoglycemia Study Group that is supported by an unrestricted grant from Novo Nordisk. A.A.M. has nothing to declare.
Funding Information:
Financial Support: This work was supported by a Pathway Award from the American Diabetes Association (1-17-ACE 31) to S.S. and by National Institutes of Health Grant NS035192 to E.R.S.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019.