CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

Adam T. Whaley-Connell; James R. Sowers; Lesley A. Stevens; Samy I. McFarlane; Michael G. Shlipak; Keith C. Norris; Shu Cheng Chen; Yang Qiu; Changchun Wang; Suying Li; Joseph A. Vassalotti; Allan J. Collins

doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.016

CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

Adam T. Whaley-Connell, James R. Sowers, Lesley A. Stevens, Samy I. McFarlane, Michael G. Shlipak, Keith C. Norris, Shu Cheng Chen, Yang Qiu, Changchun Wang, Suying Li, Joseph A. Vassalotti, Allan J. Collins

Medicine - Renal and Hypertension Division

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157 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in the United States, caused in part by older age and increasing prevalences of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. CKD is silent and undetected until advanced stages. The study of populations with earlier stages of kidney disease may improve outcomes of CKD. Methods: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), a National Kidney Foundation program, is a targeted community-based health-screening program enrolling individuals 18 years and older with diabetes, hypertension, or family history of kidney disease, diabetes, or hypertension. Participants who had received transplants or were on regular dialysis treatment were excluded from this analysis. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 was a nationally representative cross-sectional survey; participants were interviewed in their homes and/or received standardized medical examinations in mobile examination centers. Results: Of the 61,675 KEEP participants, 16,689 (27.1%) were found to have CKD. In the NHANES sample of 14,632 participants, 2,734 (15.3%) had CKD. Older age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were associated significantly with CKD in both KEEP and NHANES (P < 0.05 for all). Of note, the likelihood for CKD in African Americans differed between KEEP (odds ratio, 0.81; P < 0.001) and NHANES (odds ratio, 1.10; P = 0.2). Conclusion: A greater prevalence of CKD was detected in the KEEP screening than in the NHANES data. KEEP has the limitations common to population-screening studies and conclusions for population-attributable risk may be limited. The targeted nature of the KEEP screening program and the large sample size with clinical characteristics comparable to NHANES validates KEEP as a valuable cohort to explore health associations for the CKD and at-risk-for-CKD populations in the United States.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	S13-S20
Journal	American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume	51
Issue number	4 SUPPL. 2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.016
State	Published - Apr 2008

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Financial Disclosure: Dr Whaley-Connell reports receiving grant support from the Missouri Kidney Program. Dr Vassalotti reports having received grant support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but has no conflicts of interest with the subject of this article. Dr Collins has received research support from Amgen. The other authors have no conflicts of interest.

Keywords

Chronic kidney disease
Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
screening

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Whaley-Connell, A. T., Sowers, J. R., Stevens, L. A., McFarlane, S. I., Shlipak, M. G., Norris, K. C., Chen, S. C., Qiu, Y., Wang, C., Li, S., Vassalotti, J. A., & Collins, A. J. (2008). CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 51(4 SUPPL. 2), S13-S20. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.016

Whaley-Connell, AT, Sowers, JR, Stevens, LA, McFarlane, SI, Shlipak, MG, Norris, KC, Chen, SC, Qiu, Y, Wang, C, Li, S, Vassalotti, JA & Collins, AJ 2008, 'CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004', American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 51, no. 4 SUPPL. 2, pp. S13-S20. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.016

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title = "CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004",

abstract = "Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in the United States, caused in part by older age and increasing prevalences of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. CKD is silent and undetected until advanced stages. The study of populations with earlier stages of kidney disease may improve outcomes of CKD. Methods: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), a National Kidney Foundation program, is a targeted community-based health-screening program enrolling individuals 18 years and older with diabetes, hypertension, or family history of kidney disease, diabetes, or hypertension. Participants who had received transplants or were on regular dialysis treatment were excluded from this analysis. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 was a nationally representative cross-sectional survey; participants were interviewed in their homes and/or received standardized medical examinations in mobile examination centers. Results: Of the 61,675 KEEP participants, 16,689 (27.1%) were found to have CKD. In the NHANES sample of 14,632 participants, 2,734 (15.3%) had CKD. Older age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were associated significantly with CKD in both KEEP and NHANES (P < 0.05 for all). Of note, the likelihood for CKD in African Americans differed between KEEP (odds ratio, 0.81; P < 0.001) and NHANES (odds ratio, 1.10; P = 0.2). Conclusion: A greater prevalence of CKD was detected in the KEEP screening than in the NHANES data. KEEP has the limitations common to population-screening studies and conclusions for population-attributable risk may be limited. The targeted nature of the KEEP screening program and the large sample size with clinical characteristics comparable to NHANES validates KEEP as a valuable cohort to explore health associations for the CKD and at-risk-for-CKD populations in the United States.",

keywords = "Chronic kidney disease, Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), screening",

author = "Whaley-Connell, {Adam T.} and Sowers, {James R.} and Stevens, {Lesley A.} and McFarlane, {Samy I.} and Shlipak, {Michael G.} and Norris, {Keith C.} and Chen, {Shu Cheng} and Yang Qiu and Changchun Wang and Suying Li and Vassalotti, {Joseph A.} and Collins, {Allan J.}",

note = "Funding Information: Financial Disclosure: Dr Whaley-Connell reports receiving grant support from the Missouri Kidney Program. Dr Vassalotti reports having received grant support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but has no conflicts of interest with the subject of this article. Dr Collins has received research support from Amgen. The other authors have no conflicts of interest.",

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T2 - Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

AU - Whaley-Connell, Adam T.

AU - Sowers, James R.

AU - Stevens, Lesley A.

AU - McFarlane, Samy I.

AU - Shlipak, Michael G.

AU - Norris, Keith C.

AU - Chen, Shu Cheng

AU - Qiu, Yang

AU - Wang, Changchun

AU - Li, Suying

AU - Vassalotti, Joseph A.

AU - Collins, Allan J.

N1 - Funding Information: Financial Disclosure: Dr Whaley-Connell reports receiving grant support from the Missouri Kidney Program. Dr Vassalotti reports having received grant support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but has no conflicts of interest with the subject of this article. Dr Collins has received research support from Amgen. The other authors have no conflicts of interest.

PY - 2008/4

Y1 - 2008/4

N2 - Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in the United States, caused in part by older age and increasing prevalences of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. CKD is silent and undetected until advanced stages. The study of populations with earlier stages of kidney disease may improve outcomes of CKD. Methods: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), a National Kidney Foundation program, is a targeted community-based health-screening program enrolling individuals 18 years and older with diabetes, hypertension, or family history of kidney disease, diabetes, or hypertension. Participants who had received transplants or were on regular dialysis treatment were excluded from this analysis. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 was a nationally representative cross-sectional survey; participants were interviewed in their homes and/or received standardized medical examinations in mobile examination centers. Results: Of the 61,675 KEEP participants, 16,689 (27.1%) were found to have CKD. In the NHANES sample of 14,632 participants, 2,734 (15.3%) had CKD. Older age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were associated significantly with CKD in both KEEP and NHANES (P < 0.05 for all). Of note, the likelihood for CKD in African Americans differed between KEEP (odds ratio, 0.81; P < 0.001) and NHANES (odds ratio, 1.10; P = 0.2). Conclusion: A greater prevalence of CKD was detected in the KEEP screening than in the NHANES data. KEEP has the limitations common to population-screening studies and conclusions for population-attributable risk may be limited. The targeted nature of the KEEP screening program and the large sample size with clinical characteristics comparable to NHANES validates KEEP as a valuable cohort to explore health associations for the CKD and at-risk-for-CKD populations in the United States.

AB - Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in the United States, caused in part by older age and increasing prevalences of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. CKD is silent and undetected until advanced stages. The study of populations with earlier stages of kidney disease may improve outcomes of CKD. Methods: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), a National Kidney Foundation program, is a targeted community-based health-screening program enrolling individuals 18 years and older with diabetes, hypertension, or family history of kidney disease, diabetes, or hypertension. Participants who had received transplants or were on regular dialysis treatment were excluded from this analysis. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 was a nationally representative cross-sectional survey; participants were interviewed in their homes and/or received standardized medical examinations in mobile examination centers. Results: Of the 61,675 KEEP participants, 16,689 (27.1%) were found to have CKD. In the NHANES sample of 14,632 participants, 2,734 (15.3%) had CKD. Older age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were associated significantly with CKD in both KEEP and NHANES (P < 0.05 for all). Of note, the likelihood for CKD in African Americans differed between KEEP (odds ratio, 0.81; P < 0.001) and NHANES (odds ratio, 1.10; P = 0.2). Conclusion: A greater prevalence of CKD was detected in the KEEP screening than in the NHANES data. KEEP has the limitations common to population-screening studies and conclusions for population-attributable risk may be limited. The targeted nature of the KEEP screening program and the large sample size with clinical characteristics comparable to NHANES validates KEEP as a valuable cohort to explore health associations for the CKD and at-risk-for-CKD populations in the United States.

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KW - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

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CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access

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