Comparative analysis and characterization of the soybean sudden death syndrome pathogen Fusarium virguliforme in the northern United States

Sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme, has occurred in several US states and Ontario since 1985 but is a new problem in the northern states, including Minnesota. The characteristics and distribution of F. virguliforme and SDS in Minnesota and other northern soybean production areas were unknown. In 2006 and 2007, SDS was confirmed in 21 counties from the eastern to western borders of Minnesota and to 45°N based on symptoms and a polymerase chain reaction assay. It was also confirmed that F. virguliforme and Phialophora gregata, the cause of brown stem rot, can simultaneously infect a single plant. Isolates of F. virguliforme from soybeans in Minnesota were morphologically identical to those from other states and induced typical SDS symptoms on soybean seedlings. Isolates (n = 15) obtained from 15 fields in 10 Minnesota counties were compared genotypically and phenotypically to a group of 13 isolates of F. virguliforme from other states. Genetic similarity was very high among isolates from Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois based on DNA sequences from the intergenic spacer region, the translation elongation factor 1α gene, and the internal transcribed spacer region. Growth rates and production of macroconidia at several temperatures differed among isolates. Virulence varied among isolates from different fields and states based on disease reactions on susceptible and moderately resistant soybean cultivars in greenhouse tests. Results support the hypothesis that SDS in Minnesota may stem from the establishment of a clonal US population of F. virguliforme that is spreading north and west, thus increasing production risk for soybean grown in northern states.