Discovery and cosmological implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive known cluster at z>1

R. J. Foley; K. Andersson; G. Bazin; T. De Haan; J. Ruel; P. A R Ade; K. A. Aird; R. Armstrong; M. L N Ashby; M. Bautz; B. A. Benson; L. E. Bleem; M. Bonamente; M. Brodwin; J. E. Carlstrom; C. L. Chang; A. Clocchiatti; T. M. Crawford; A. T. Crites; S. Desai; M. A. Dobbs; J. P. Dudley; G. G. Fazio; W. R. Forman; G. Garmire; E. M. George; M. D. Gladders; A. H. Gonzalez; N. W. Halverson; F. W. High; G. P. Holder; W. L. Holzapfel; S. Hoover; J. D. Hrubes; C. Jones; M. Joy; R. Keisler; L. Knox; A. T. Lee; E. M. Leitch; M. Lueker; D. Luong-Van; D. P. Marrone; J. J. McMahon; J. Mehl; S. S. Meyer; J. J. Mohr; T. E. Montroy; S. S. Murray; S. Padin; T. Plagge; C. Pryke; C. L. Reichardt; A. Rest; J. E. Ruhl; B. R. Saliwanchik; A. Saro; K. K. Schaffer; L. Shaw; E. Shirokoff; J. Song; H. G. Spieler; B. Stalder; S. A. Stanford; Z. Staniszewski; A. A. Stark; K. Story; C. W. Stubbs; K. Vanderlinde; J. D. Vieira; A. Vikhlinin; R. Williamson; A. Zenteno

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/731/2/86

Discovery and cosmological implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive known cluster at z>1

R. J. Foley, K. Andersson, G. Bazin, T. De Haan, J. Ruel, P. A R Ade, K. A. Aird, R. Armstrong, M. L N Ashby, M. Bautz, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, M. Bonamente, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, S. DesaiM. A. Dobbs, J. P. Dudley, G. G. Fazio, W. R. Forman, G. Garmire, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, C. Jones, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, D. P. Marrone, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. S. Murray, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, S. A. Stanford, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Story, C. W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, A. Vikhlinin, R. Williamson, A. Zenteno

Physics and Astronomy (Twin Cities)

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Abstract

Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massive known galaxy cluster at z>1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing a strong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray source and its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, all indicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. Very Large Telescope and Magellan spectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z = 1.132^+0.002 _-0.003. Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACIS GTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18 ± 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with the galaxy colors found in optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displays extreme X-ray properties for a cluster having a core-excluded temperature of T_X = 11.0 ^+2.6 _-1.9keV and a luminosity (within r ₅₀₀) of L_X (0.5-2.0 keV) = (13.9 ± 1.0) × 10 ⁴⁴ergs^-1. The combined mass estimate from measurements of the SZ effect and X-ray data is M ₂₀₀ = (1.27 ± 0.21) × 10¹⁵h ^-1 ₇₀ M _⊙. The discovery of such a massive gravitationally collapsed system at high redshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution, and is a probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matter density field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption of ΛCDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chance of finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500deg² SPT survey region and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entire sky.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	86
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	731
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/731/2/86
State	Published - Apr 20 2011

Keywords

early universe
galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844)
galaxies: evolution
galaxies: formation
large-scale structure of universe

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Foley, R. J., Andersson, K., Bazin, G., De Haan, T., Ruel, J., Ade, P. A. R., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bonamente, M., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., ... Zenteno, A. (2011). Discovery and cosmological implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive known cluster at z>1. Astrophysical Journal, 731(2), Article 86. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/731/2/86

Foley, RJ, Andersson, K, Bazin, G, De Haan, T, Ruel, J, Ade, PAR, Aird, KA, Armstrong, R, Ashby, MLN, Bautz, M, Benson, BA, Bleem, LE, Bonamente, M, Brodwin, M, Carlstrom, JE, Chang, CL, Clocchiatti, A, Crawford, TM, Crites, AT, Desai, S, Dobbs, MA, Dudley, JP, Fazio, GG, Forman, WR, Garmire, G, George, EM, Gladders, MD, Gonzalez, AH, Halverson, NW, High, FW, Holder, GP, Holzapfel, WL, Hoover, S, Hrubes, JD, Jones, C, Joy, M, Keisler, R, Knox, L, Lee, AT, Leitch, EM, Lueker, M, Luong-Van, D, Marrone, DP, McMahon, JJ, Mehl, J, Meyer, SS, Mohr, JJ, Montroy, TE, Murray, SS, Padin, S, Plagge, T, Pryke, C, Reichardt, CL, Rest, A, Ruhl, JE, Saliwanchik, BR, Saro, A, Schaffer, KK, Shaw, L, Shirokoff, E, Song, J, Spieler, HG, Stalder, B, Stanford, SA, Staniszewski, Z, Stark, AA, Story, K, Stubbs, CW, Vanderlinde, K, Vieira, JD, Vikhlinin, A, Williamson, R & Zenteno, A 2011, 'Discovery and cosmological implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive known cluster at z>1', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 731, no. 2, 86. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/731/2/86

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title = "Discovery and cosmological implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive known cluster at z>1",

abstract = "Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massive known galaxy cluster at z>1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing a strong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray source and its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, all indicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. Very Large Telescope and Magellan spectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z = 1.132+0.002 -0.003. Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACIS GTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18 ± 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with the galaxy colors found in optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displays extreme X-ray properties for a cluster having a core-excluded temperature of TX = 11.0 +2.6 -1.9keV and a luminosity (within r 500) of LX (0.5-2.0 keV) = (13.9 ± 1.0) × 10 44ergs-1. The combined mass estimate from measurements of the SZ effect and X-ray data is M 200 = (1.27 ± 0.21) × 1015h -1 70 M ⊙. The discovery of such a massive gravitationally collapsed system at high redshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution, and is a probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matter density field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption of ΛCDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chance of finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500deg2 SPT survey region and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entire sky.",

keywords = "early universe, galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844), galaxies: evolution, galaxies: formation, large-scale structure of universe",

author = "Foley, {R. J.} and K. Andersson and G. Bazin and {De Haan}, T. and J. Ruel and Ade, {P. A R} and Aird, {K. A.} and R. Armstrong and Ashby, {M. L N} and M. Bautz and Benson, {B. A.} and Bleem, {L. E.} and M. Bonamente and M. Brodwin and Carlstrom, {J. E.} and Chang, {C. L.} and A. Clocchiatti and Crawford, {T. M.} and Crites, {A. T.} and S. Desai and Dobbs, {M. A.} and Dudley, {J. P.} and Fazio, {G. G.} and Forman, {W. R.} and G. Garmire and George, {E. M.} and Gladders, {M. D.} and Gonzalez, {A. H.} and Halverson, {N. W.} and High, {F. W.} and Holder, {G. P.} and Holzapfel, {W. L.} and S. Hoover and Hrubes, {J. D.} and C. Jones and M. Joy and R. Keisler and L. Knox and Lee, {A. T.} and Leitch, {E. M.} and M. Lueker and D. Luong-Van and Marrone, {D. P.} and McMahon, {J. J.} and J. Mehl and Meyer, {S. S.} and Mohr, {J. J.} and Montroy, {T. E.} and Murray, {S. S.} and S. Padin and T. Plagge and C. Pryke and Reichardt, {C. L.} and A. Rest and Ruhl, {J. E.} and Saliwanchik, {B. R.} and A. Saro and Schaffer, {K. K.} and L. Shaw and E. Shirokoff and J. Song and Spieler, {H. G.} and B. Stalder and Stanford, {S. A.} and Z. Staniszewski and Stark, {A. A.} and K. Story and Stubbs, {C. W.} and K. Vanderlinde and Vieira, {J. D.} and A. Vikhlinin and R. Williamson and A. Zenteno",

year = "2011",

month = apr,

day = "20",

doi = "10.1088/0004-637X/731/2/86",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "731",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "2",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Discovery and cosmological implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive known cluster at z>1

AU - Foley, R. J.

AU - Andersson, K.

AU - Bazin, G.

AU - De Haan, T.

AU - Ruel, J.

AU - Ade, P. A R

AU - Aird, K. A.

AU - Armstrong, R.

AU - Ashby, M. L N

AU - Bautz, M.

AU - Benson, B. A.

AU - Bleem, L. E.

AU - Bonamente, M.

AU - Brodwin, M.

AU - Carlstrom, J. E.

AU - Chang, C. L.

AU - Clocchiatti, A.

AU - Crawford, T. M.

AU - Crites, A. T.

AU - Desai, S.

AU - Dobbs, M. A.

AU - Dudley, J. P.

AU - Fazio, G. G.

AU - Forman, W. R.

AU - Garmire, G.

AU - George, E. M.

AU - Gladders, M. D.

AU - Gonzalez, A. H.

AU - Halverson, N. W.

AU - High, F. W.

AU - Holder, G. P.

AU - Holzapfel, W. L.

AU - Hoover, S.

AU - Hrubes, J. D.

AU - Jones, C.

AU - Joy, M.

AU - Keisler, R.

AU - Knox, L.

AU - Lee, A. T.

AU - Leitch, E. M.

AU - Lueker, M.

AU - Luong-Van, D.

AU - Marrone, D. P.

AU - McMahon, J. J.

AU - Mehl, J.

AU - Meyer, S. S.

AU - Mohr, J. J.

AU - Montroy, T. E.

AU - Murray, S. S.

AU - Padin, S.

AU - Plagge, T.

AU - Pryke, C.

AU - Reichardt, C. L.

AU - Rest, A.

AU - Ruhl, J. E.

AU - Saliwanchik, B. R.

AU - Saro, A.

AU - Schaffer, K. K.

AU - Shaw, L.

AU - Shirokoff, E.

AU - Song, J.

AU - Spieler, H. G.

AU - Stalder, B.

AU - Stanford, S. A.

AU - Staniszewski, Z.

AU - Stark, A. A.

AU - Story, K.

AU - Stubbs, C. W.

AU - Vanderlinde, K.

AU - Vieira, J. D.

AU - Vikhlinin, A.

AU - Williamson, R.

AU - Zenteno, A.

PY - 2011/4/20

Y1 - 2011/4/20

N2 - Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massive known galaxy cluster at z>1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing a strong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray source and its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, all indicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. Very Large Telescope and Magellan spectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z = 1.132+0.002 -0.003. Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACIS GTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18 ± 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with the galaxy colors found in optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displays extreme X-ray properties for a cluster having a core-excluded temperature of TX = 11.0 +2.6 -1.9keV and a luminosity (within r 500) of LX (0.5-2.0 keV) = (13.9 ± 1.0) × 10 44ergs-1. The combined mass estimate from measurements of the SZ effect and X-ray data is M 200 = (1.27 ± 0.21) × 1015h -1 70 M ⊙. The discovery of such a massive gravitationally collapsed system at high redshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution, and is a probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matter density field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption of ΛCDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chance of finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500deg2 SPT survey region and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entire sky.

AB - Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massive known galaxy cluster at z>1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing a strong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray source and its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, all indicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. Very Large Telescope and Magellan spectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z = 1.132+0.002 -0.003. Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACIS GTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18 ± 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with the galaxy colors found in optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displays extreme X-ray properties for a cluster having a core-excluded temperature of TX = 11.0 +2.6 -1.9keV and a luminosity (within r 500) of LX (0.5-2.0 keV) = (13.9 ± 1.0) × 10 44ergs-1. The combined mass estimate from measurements of the SZ effect and X-ray data is M 200 = (1.27 ± 0.21) × 1015h -1 70 M ⊙. The discovery of such a massive gravitationally collapsed system at high redshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution, and is a probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matter density field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption of ΛCDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chance of finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500deg2 SPT survey region and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entire sky.

KW - early universe

KW - galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844)

KW - galaxies: evolution

KW - galaxies: formation

KW - large-scale structure of universe

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SN - 0004-637X

VL - 731

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

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ER -

Discovery and cosmological implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive known cluster at z>1

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