TY - JOUR
T1 - Ecological momentary assessment of the snacking environments of children from racially/ethnically diverse households
AU - Loth, Katie A.
AU - Tate, Allan D.
AU - Trofholz, Amanda
AU - Fisher, Jennifer Orlet
AU - Miller, Laura
AU - Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne
AU - Berge, Jerica M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019
PY - 2020/2/1
Y1 - 2020/2/1
N2 - Children consume nearly one-third of their daily energy intake as snacks (i.e., eating occasions that occur between meals); thus there is a growing interest in understanding what snacking occasions look like in the homes of young children. This study makes use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to 1) examine differences in the contextual factors, including location, food preparation style, people present, presence of media devices, and overall atmosphere, between meal and snack occasions; and 2) explore differences in the context of snacking occasions across children's gender and weight status. Data for the current study came from the Family Matters Study, which included 150 families with children aged 5–7 years old (n = 25 from each of the following groups: Black/African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, White). Parents completed an 8-day EMA observation period, during which they were surveyed after each eating occasion with the study child; questions explored contextual factors including location, food preparation style, people present, presence of media devices, and the overall atmosphere of each eating occasion. Differences between meals and snacks were observed; a smaller percentage of snacks (compared to meals) were prepared by the parent, consisted of only homemade food, and were planned ahead of time, as opposed to being served in response to a child's request. Snacks were more likely than other meals to be eaten on the couch and in the presence of a screen. Furthermore, important differences in snacking context were observed by child gender and weight status. Findings illuminate opportunities to improve children's overall dietary intake via interventions focused on improving the quality of foods served during snacks, as well as the contextual environment in which snacks are eaten.
AB - Children consume nearly one-third of their daily energy intake as snacks (i.e., eating occasions that occur between meals); thus there is a growing interest in understanding what snacking occasions look like in the homes of young children. This study makes use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to 1) examine differences in the contextual factors, including location, food preparation style, people present, presence of media devices, and overall atmosphere, between meal and snack occasions; and 2) explore differences in the context of snacking occasions across children's gender and weight status. Data for the current study came from the Family Matters Study, which included 150 families with children aged 5–7 years old (n = 25 from each of the following groups: Black/African American, Hispanic, Hmong, Native American, Somali, White). Parents completed an 8-day EMA observation period, during which they were surveyed after each eating occasion with the study child; questions explored contextual factors including location, food preparation style, people present, presence of media devices, and the overall atmosphere of each eating occasion. Differences between meals and snacks were observed; a smaller percentage of snacks (compared to meals) were prepared by the parent, consisted of only homemade food, and were planned ahead of time, as opposed to being served in response to a child's request. Snacks were more likely than other meals to be eaten on the couch and in the presence of a screen. Furthermore, important differences in snacking context were observed by child gender and weight status. Findings illuminate opportunities to improve children's overall dietary intake via interventions focused on improving the quality of foods served during snacks, as well as the contextual environment in which snacks are eaten.
KW - Children
KW - Cross-sectional
KW - Dietary intake
KW - Ecological momentary assessment
KW - Home environment
KW - Nutrition
KW - Observational study
KW - Snacking
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85074301147&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85074301147&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104497
DO - 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104497
M3 - Article
C2 - 31669580
AN - SCOPUS:85074301147
SN - 0195-6663
VL - 145
JO - Appetite
JF - Appetite
M1 - 104497
ER -