TY - JOUR
T1 - Electric vehicles in China
T2 - Emissions and health impacts
AU - Ji, Shuguang
AU - Cherry, Christopher R.
AU - Bechle, Matthew J.
AU - Wu, Ye
AU - Marshall, Julian
PY - 2012/2/21
Y1 - 2012/2/21
N2 - E-bikes in China are the single largest adoption of alternative fuel vehicles in history, with more than 100 million e-bikes purchased in the past decade and vehicle ownership about 2× larger for e-bikes as for conventional cars; e-car sales, too, are rapidly growing. We compare emissions (CO 2, PM 2.5, NO X, HC) and environmental health impacts (primary PM 2.5) from the use of conventional vehicles (CVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in 34 major cities in China. CO2 emissions (g km-1) vary and are an order of magnitude greater for e-cars (135-274) and CVs (150-180) than for e-bikes (14-27). PM 2.5 emission factors generally are lower for CVs (gasoline or diesel) than comparable EVs. However, intake fraction is often greater for CVs than for EVs because combustion emissions are generally closer to population centers for CVs (tailpipe emissions) than for EVs (power plant emissions). For most cities, the net result is that primary PM2.5 environmental health impacts per passenger-km are greater for e-cars than for gasoline cars (3.6× on average), lower than for diesel cars (2.5× on average), and equal to diesel buses. In contrast, e-bikes yield lower environmental health impacts per passenger-km than the three CVs investigated: gasoline cars (2×), diesel cars (10×), and diesel buses (5×). Our findings highlight the importance of considering exposures, and especially the proximity of emissions to people, when evaluating environmental health impacts for EVs.
AB - E-bikes in China are the single largest adoption of alternative fuel vehicles in history, with more than 100 million e-bikes purchased in the past decade and vehicle ownership about 2× larger for e-bikes as for conventional cars; e-car sales, too, are rapidly growing. We compare emissions (CO 2, PM 2.5, NO X, HC) and environmental health impacts (primary PM 2.5) from the use of conventional vehicles (CVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in 34 major cities in China. CO2 emissions (g km-1) vary and are an order of magnitude greater for e-cars (135-274) and CVs (150-180) than for e-bikes (14-27). PM 2.5 emission factors generally are lower for CVs (gasoline or diesel) than comparable EVs. However, intake fraction is often greater for CVs than for EVs because combustion emissions are generally closer to population centers for CVs (tailpipe emissions) than for EVs (power plant emissions). For most cities, the net result is that primary PM2.5 environmental health impacts per passenger-km are greater for e-cars than for gasoline cars (3.6× on average), lower than for diesel cars (2.5× on average), and equal to diesel buses. In contrast, e-bikes yield lower environmental health impacts per passenger-km than the three CVs investigated: gasoline cars (2×), diesel cars (10×), and diesel buses (5×). Our findings highlight the importance of considering exposures, and especially the proximity of emissions to people, when evaluating environmental health impacts for EVs.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84863229432&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84863229432&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/es202347q
DO - 10.1021/es202347q
M3 - Article
C2 - 22201325
AN - SCOPUS:84863229432
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 46
SP - 2018
EP - 2024
JO - Environmental Science and Technology
JF - Environmental Science and Technology
IS - 4
ER -