Enabling exclusion: The retreat from regional fair share housing in the implementation of the Minnesota land use planning act

This article examines the impact of regional institutions and a regional planning framework on low- and moderate-income housing efforts in a metropolitan area. The Minnesota Land Use Planning Act (LUPA), enacted in 1976, sets forth the requirement for communities in the Twin Cities metropolitan area to plan for their share of the metro area's need for low- and moderate-income housing. After a period of effective regional planning for low-mod housing, changing political and institutional environments have led to significant decline in the willingness of the Metropolitan Council to implement the law.