FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Citrus-derived flavoring ingredients

Samuel M. Cohen; Gerhard Eisenbrand; Shoji Fukushima; Nigel J. Gooderham; F. Peter Guengerich; Stephen S. Hecht; Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens; Maria Bastaki; Jeanne M. Davidsen; Christie L. Harman; Margaret McGowen; Sean V. Taylor

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.052

FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Citrus-derived flavoring ingredients

Samuel M. Cohen, Gerhard Eisenbrand, Shoji Fukushima, Nigel J. Gooderham, F. Peter Guengerich, Stephen S. Hecht, Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens, Maria Bastaki, Jeanne M. Davidsen, Christie L. Harman, Margaret McGowen, Sean V. Taylor

Laboratory Medicine and Pathology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

35 Scopus citations

Abstract

In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients. This publication is the first in a series and summarizes the evaluation of 54 Citrus-derived NFCs using the procedure outlined in Smith et al. (2005) and updated in Cohen et al. (2018) to evaluate the safety of naturally-occurring mixtures for their intended use as flavoring ingredients. The procedure relies on a complete chemical characterization of each NFC intended for commerce and organization of each NFC's chemical constituents into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of the NFC is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of members of the congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. As a result of the application of the procedure, 54 natural flavor complexes derived from botanicals of the Citrus genus were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	192-218
Number of pages	27
Journal	Food and Chemical Toxicology
Volume	124
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.052
State	Published - Feb 2019

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was financially supported by the International Organization of the Flavor Industry (IOFI) , the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and the International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEAT) .

Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 The Authors

Keywords

Botanical
Citrus
GRAS
Natural flavor complex
Safety evaluation

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Cohen, S. M., Eisenbrand, G., Fukushima, S., Gooderham, N. J., Guengerich, F. P., Hecht, S. S., Rietjens, I. M. C. M., Bastaki, M., Davidsen, J. M., Harman, C. L., McGowen, M., & Taylor, S. V. (2019). FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Citrus-derived flavoring ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 124, 192-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.052

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abstract = "In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients. This publication is the first in a series and summarizes the evaluation of 54 Citrus-derived NFCs using the procedure outlined in Smith et al. (2005) and updated in Cohen et al. (2018) to evaluate the safety of naturally-occurring mixtures for their intended use as flavoring ingredients. The procedure relies on a complete chemical characterization of each NFC intended for commerce and organization of each NFC's chemical constituents into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of the NFC is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of members of the congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. As a result of the application of the procedure, 54 natural flavor complexes derived from botanicals of the Citrus genus were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.",

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N2 - In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients. This publication is the first in a series and summarizes the evaluation of 54 Citrus-derived NFCs using the procedure outlined in Smith et al. (2005) and updated in Cohen et al. (2018) to evaluate the safety of naturally-occurring mixtures for their intended use as flavoring ingredients. The procedure relies on a complete chemical characterization of each NFC intended for commerce and organization of each NFC's chemical constituents into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of the NFC is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of members of the congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. As a result of the application of the procedure, 54 natural flavor complexes derived from botanicals of the Citrus genus were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.

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FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Citrus-derived flavoring ingredients

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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