TY - JOUR
T1 - Free-surface turbulence and mass transfer in a channel flow
AU - Tamburrino, Aldo
AU - Gulliver, John S.
PY - 2002/12/1
Y1 - 2002/12/1
N2 - Free-surface turbulence in a fully developed, open-channel flow was measured for Reynolds numbers of 8,500-45,000. An analysis method of the 2-D divergence on the free surface has been developed to extract Hanratty's β values, or the velocity gradient into the free surface, from these measurements. Hanratty's β is the parameter that relates most directly to the turbulence effect on the liquid-film coefficient. Its measurement is a direct measurement of surface renewal. The spatial scales of β were 3 to 5 times smaller than those of the large upwelling events (boils) normally identified as surface renewal. The hypothesis is that the large upwelling events do not have the high-vorticity gradients associated with large β values. Instead, the locations of high-vorticity gradients on the free surface will also create the divergence required for high β values, occurring at the edges of a large upwelling event. Because the β frequency spectrum has properties to characterize the liquid-film coefficient, it was normalized to be determined from its maximum value, the wave number of this maximum value, and a shape factor used to scale the frequency. Measurements of the liquid-film coefficient from prior studies were also used to characterize the liquid-film coefficient by measured β values for this nonsheared surface. The larger β scales predominantly influence the liquid-film coefficient, in contrast to a previous study of a shear-free surface published by McCready et al. in 1986, where all β frequencies were equally important. Generally, higher frequency turbulence is more significant at a sheared water surface than at a water surface with minimal shear stress.
AB - Free-surface turbulence in a fully developed, open-channel flow was measured for Reynolds numbers of 8,500-45,000. An analysis method of the 2-D divergence on the free surface has been developed to extract Hanratty's β values, or the velocity gradient into the free surface, from these measurements. Hanratty's β is the parameter that relates most directly to the turbulence effect on the liquid-film coefficient. Its measurement is a direct measurement of surface renewal. The spatial scales of β were 3 to 5 times smaller than those of the large upwelling events (boils) normally identified as surface renewal. The hypothesis is that the large upwelling events do not have the high-vorticity gradients associated with large β values. Instead, the locations of high-vorticity gradients on the free surface will also create the divergence required for high β values, occurring at the edges of a large upwelling event. Because the β frequency spectrum has properties to characterize the liquid-film coefficient, it was normalized to be determined from its maximum value, the wave number of this maximum value, and a shape factor used to scale the frequency. Measurements of the liquid-film coefficient from prior studies were also used to characterize the liquid-film coefficient by measured β values for this nonsheared surface. The larger β scales predominantly influence the liquid-film coefficient, in contrast to a previous study of a shear-free surface published by McCready et al. in 1986, where all β frequencies were equally important. Generally, higher frequency turbulence is more significant at a sheared water surface than at a water surface with minimal shear stress.
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U2 - 10.1002/aic.690481204
DO - 10.1002/aic.690481204
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0036981078
SN - 0001-1541
VL - 48
SP - 2732
EP - 2743
JO - AIChE Journal
JF - AIChE Journal
IS - 12
ER -