Heating of shallow groundwater flow by conduction from a paved surface: Requirements for coldwater stream protection

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• groundwater flow 100%
• heating 75%
• groundwater 63%
• aquifer 46%
• water infiltration into the ground 45%
• temperature change 40%
• temperature 39%
• surface temperature 34%
• surface water 28%
• parking lot 27%
• urban climate 27%
• warm water 22%
• urban development 20%
• flow velocity 19%
• recharge 18%
• soil surface 18%
• heat transfer 18%
• advection 18%
• infiltration 17%
• permeability 14%
• analysis 5%