Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes in acute lung injury: Cytologic findings of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage

The organizing stage of acute lung injury syndrome is characterized, in part, by a reactive hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. These cells may be recovered in large numbers and in an excellent state of preservation by bronchoalveolar lavage. It was noted recently that such cells in lavage samples may mimic adenocarcinoma. To examine the dynamics of type II pneumocyte shedding in acute lung injury, we studied 62 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 38 patients with acute onset of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (median age, 54 years). A single lavage was performed in 25 patients, whereas from two to five studies were performed in 13 individuals. The timing of lavage ranged from 1 to 435 days after the onset of respiratory distress. Type II pneumocytes were present in 12 specimens as follows: 6 of 24 (25%) samples from days 1 to 3, 4 of 9 (44%) samples from days 4 to 10, and 2 of 11 (18%) samples from days 21 to 32. Specimens obtained after day 32 never contained such cells. Cytologically, type II pneumocytes may resemble the cells of acute radiation injury. Alternatively, they may be smaller, with an increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear membrane irregularities, and prominent nucleoli, thus resembling the cells of adenocarcinoma. They may shed singly or in groups. A spectrum of changes from small cells to large, fully hyperplastic type II cells may be seen. Recognition of the morphologic features of type II pneumocytes and careful clinical correlation usually will suffice to prevent a false diagnosis of malignancy. Sequential lavage provides a means to study pulmonary epithelial changes after lung injury.