Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Bahar Behrouzi; Maria Viviana Araujo Campoverde; Kyle Liang; H. Keipp Talbot; Isaac I. Bogoch; Allison McGeer; Ole Fröbert; Mark Loeb; Orly Vardeny; Scott D. Solomon; Jacob A. Udell

doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.028

Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Bahar Behrouzi, Maria Viviana Araujo Campoverde, Kyle Liang, H. Keipp Talbot, Isaac I. Bogoch, Allison McGeer, Ole Fröbert, Mark Loeb, Orly Vardeny, Scott D. Solomon, Jacob A. Udell

Medicine - Veteran's Administration Medical Center

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

46 Scopus citations

Abstract

Viral respiratory infections are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Underlying CVD is also associated with an increased risk of complications following viral respiratory infections, including increased morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. Globally, these phenomena are observed with seasonal influenza and with the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Persons with CVD represent an important target population for respiratory virus vaccines, with capacity developed within 3 large ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials to determine the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines. In the context of COVID-19, these international trial networks may be uniquely positioned to redeploy infrastructure to study therapies for primary and secondary prevention of COVID-19. Here, we describe mechanistic links between influenza and COVID-19 infection and the risk of acute cardiovascular events, summarize the data to date on the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines, and describe the ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials, highlighting important lessons learned that are applicable to COVID-19.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1777-1794
Number of pages	18
Journal	Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Volume	76
Issue number	15
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.028
State	Published - Oct 13 2020

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Ms. Behrouzi has been supported in part by a University of Toronto MD/PhD studentship award and a Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research and CANHEART SPOR Graduate Studentship Award. Mrs. Araujo Campoverde has been supported by Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) 2018 Programa de Becas Internacionales. Dr. Talbot has served on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board for Seqirus. Dr. Bogoch has consulted for BlueDot, a social benefit company that predicts the spread of infectious diseases of global health significance. Dr. McGeer has received research grants to her institution from Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, and Seqirus; and has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Cidara, and Medicago. Dr. Fröbert has been supported by Örebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology; and has received unrestricted grant support for the IAMI study from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Loeb has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Medicago; has received research funding from Seqirus; and has received influenza vaccine in-kind from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Vardeny has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health and AstraZeneca; and has provided consulting for Sanofi Pasteur, Novartis, and Amgen. Dr. Solomon has received research grants from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lone Star Heart, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, and Theracos; and has consulted for Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ironwood, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Takeda, Theracos, Quantum Genetics, AoBiome, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Dinaqor, and Tremeau. Dr. Udell has been supported by a Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada National New Investigator-Ontario Clinician Scientist Award, an Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science Early Researcher Award, as well as by Women's College Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital; has received grant support to his institutions from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Sanofi; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi; and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Funding Information:
Ms. Behrouzi has been supported in part by a University of Toronto MD/PhD studentship award and a Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research and CANHEART SPOR Graduate Studentship Award. Mrs. Araujo Campoverde has been supported by Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) 2018 Programa de Becas Internacionales. Dr. Talbot has served on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board for Seqirus. Dr. Bogoch has consulted for BlueDot, a social benefit company that predicts the spread of infectious diseases of global health significance. Dr. McGeer has received research grants to her institution from Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, and Seqirus; and has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Cidara, and Medicago. Dr. Fröbert has been supported by Örebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology; and has received unrestricted grant support for the IAMI study from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Loeb has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Medicago; has received research funding from Seqirus; and has received influenza vaccine in-kind from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Vardeny has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health and AstraZeneca; and has provided consulting for Sanofi Pasteur, Novartis, and Amgen. Dr. Solomon has received research grants from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lone Star Heart, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, and Theracos; and has consulted for Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ironwood, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Takeda, Theracos, Quantum Genetics, AoBiome, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Dinaqor, and Tremeau. Dr. Udell has been supported by a Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada National New Investigator-Ontario Clinician Scientist Award, an Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science Early Researcher Award, as well as by Women’s College Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital; has received grant support to his institutions from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Sanofi; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi; and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 American College of Cardiology Foundation

Keywords

acute myocardial infarction
cardioprotection
heart failure
influenza vaccination

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.028

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Cite this

Behrouzi, B., Araujo Campoverde, M. V., Liang, K., Talbot, H. K., Bogoch, I. I., McGeer, A., Fröbert, O., Loeb, M., Vardeny, O., Solomon, S. D., & Udell, J. A. (2020). Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(15), 1777-1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.028

Behrouzi, B, Araujo Campoverde, MV, Liang, K, Talbot, HK, Bogoch, II, McGeer, A, Fröbert, O, Loeb, M, Vardeny, O, Solomon, SD & Udell, JA 2020, 'Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 76, no. 15, pp. 1777-1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.028

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title = "Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review",

abstract = "Viral respiratory infections are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Underlying CVD is also associated with an increased risk of complications following viral respiratory infections, including increased morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. Globally, these phenomena are observed with seasonal influenza and with the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Persons with CVD represent an important target population for respiratory virus vaccines, with capacity developed within 3 large ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials to determine the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines. In the context of COVID-19, these international trial networks may be uniquely positioned to redeploy infrastructure to study therapies for primary and secondary prevention of COVID-19. Here, we describe mechanistic links between influenza and COVID-19 infection and the risk of acute cardiovascular events, summarize the data to date on the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines, and describe the ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials, highlighting important lessons learned that are applicable to COVID-19.",

keywords = "acute myocardial infarction, cardioprotection, heart failure, influenza vaccination",

author = "Bahar Behrouzi and {Araujo Campoverde}, {Maria Viviana} and Kyle Liang and Talbot, {H. Keipp} and Bogoch, {Isaac I.} and Allison McGeer and Ole Fr{\"o}bert and Mark Loeb and Orly Vardeny and Solomon, {Scott D.} and Udell, {Jacob A.}",

note = "Funding Information: Ms. Behrouzi has been supported in part by a University of Toronto MD/PhD studentship award and a Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research and CANHEART SPOR Graduate Studentship Award. Mrs. Araujo Campoverde has been supported by Secretar{\'i}a de Educaci{\'o}n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog{\'i}a e Innovaci{\'o}n (SENESCYT) 2018 Programa de Becas Internacionales. Dr. Talbot has served on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board for Seqirus. Dr. Bogoch has consulted for BlueDot, a social benefit company that predicts the spread of infectious diseases of global health significance. Dr. McGeer has received research grants to her institution from Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, and Seqirus; and has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Cidara, and Medicago. Dr. Fr{\"o}bert has been supported by {\"O}rebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology; and has received unrestricted grant support for the IAMI study from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Loeb has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Medicago; has received research funding from Seqirus; and has received influenza vaccine in-kind from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Vardeny has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health and AstraZeneca; and has provided consulting for Sanofi Pasteur, Novartis, and Amgen. Dr. Solomon has received research grants from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lone Star Heart, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, and Theracos; and has consulted for Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ironwood, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Takeda, Theracos, Quantum Genetics, AoBiome, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Dinaqor, and Tremeau. Dr. Udell has been supported by a Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada National New Investigator-Ontario Clinician Scientist Award, an Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science Early Researcher Award, as well as by Women's College Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital; has received grant support to his institutions from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Sanofi; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi; and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Funding Information: Ms. Behrouzi has been supported in part by a University of Toronto MD/PhD studentship award and a Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research and CANHEART SPOR Graduate Studentship Award. Mrs. Araujo Campoverde has been supported by Secretar{\'i}a de Educaci{\'o}n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog{\'i}a e Innovaci{\'o}n (SENESCYT) 2018 Programa de Becas Internacionales. Dr. Talbot has served on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board for Seqirus. Dr. Bogoch has consulted for BlueDot, a social benefit company that predicts the spread of infectious diseases of global health significance. Dr. McGeer has received research grants to her institution from Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, and Seqirus; and has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Cidara, and Medicago. Dr. Fr{\"o}bert has been supported by {\"O}rebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology; and has received unrestricted grant support for the IAMI study from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Loeb has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Medicago; has received research funding from Seqirus; and has received influenza vaccine in-kind from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Vardeny has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health and AstraZeneca; and has provided consulting for Sanofi Pasteur, Novartis, and Amgen. Dr. Solomon has received research grants from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lone Star Heart, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, and Theracos; and has consulted for Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ironwood, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Takeda, Theracos, Quantum Genetics, AoBiome, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Dinaqor, and Tremeau. Dr. Udell has been supported by a Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada National New Investigator-Ontario Clinician Scientist Award, an Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science Early Researcher Award, as well as by Women{\textquoteright}s College Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, Women{\textquoteright}s College Hospital; has received grant support to his institutions from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Sanofi; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi; and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 American College of Cardiology Foundation",

year = "2020",

month = oct,

day = "13",

doi = "10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.028",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "76",

pages = "1777--1794",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19

T2 - JACC State-of-the-Art Review

AU - Behrouzi, Bahar

AU - Araujo Campoverde, Maria Viviana

AU - Liang, Kyle

AU - Talbot, H. Keipp

AU - Bogoch, Isaac I.

AU - McGeer, Allison

AU - Fröbert, Ole

AU - Loeb, Mark

AU - Vardeny, Orly

AU - Solomon, Scott D.

AU - Udell, Jacob A.

N1 - Funding Information: Ms. Behrouzi has been supported in part by a University of Toronto MD/PhD studentship award and a Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research and CANHEART SPOR Graduate Studentship Award. Mrs. Araujo Campoverde has been supported by Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) 2018 Programa de Becas Internacionales. Dr. Talbot has served on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board for Seqirus. Dr. Bogoch has consulted for BlueDot, a social benefit company that predicts the spread of infectious diseases of global health significance. Dr. McGeer has received research grants to her institution from Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, and Seqirus; and has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Cidara, and Medicago. Dr. Fröbert has been supported by Örebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology; and has received unrestricted grant support for the IAMI study from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Loeb has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Medicago; has received research funding from Seqirus; and has received influenza vaccine in-kind from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Vardeny has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health and AstraZeneca; and has provided consulting for Sanofi Pasteur, Novartis, and Amgen. Dr. Solomon has received research grants from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lone Star Heart, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, and Theracos; and has consulted for Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ironwood, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Takeda, Theracos, Quantum Genetics, AoBiome, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Dinaqor, and Tremeau. Dr. Udell has been supported by a Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada National New Investigator-Ontario Clinician Scientist Award, an Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science Early Researcher Award, as well as by Women's College Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital; has received grant support to his institutions from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Sanofi; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi; and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Funding Information: Ms. Behrouzi has been supported in part by a University of Toronto MD/PhD studentship award and a Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research and CANHEART SPOR Graduate Studentship Award. Mrs. Araujo Campoverde has been supported by Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) 2018 Programa de Becas Internacionales. Dr. Talbot has served on the Data Safety and Monitoring Board for Seqirus. Dr. Bogoch has consulted for BlueDot, a social benefit company that predicts the spread of infectious diseases of global health significance. Dr. McGeer has received research grants to her institution from Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, and Seqirus; and has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Cidara, and Medicago. Dr. Fröbert has been supported by Örebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology; and has received unrestricted grant support for the IAMI study from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Loeb has consulted for Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Medicago; has received research funding from Seqirus; and has received influenza vaccine in-kind from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr. Vardeny has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health and AstraZeneca; and has provided consulting for Sanofi Pasteur, Novartis, and Amgen. Dr. Solomon has received research grants from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lone Star Heart, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, and Theracos; and has consulted for Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ironwood, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Takeda, Theracos, Quantum Genetics, AoBiome, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Dinaqor, and Tremeau. Dr. Udell has been supported by a Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada National New Investigator-Ontario Clinician Scientist Award, an Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science Early Researcher Award, as well as by Women’s College Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital; has received grant support to his institutions from AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Sanofi; has served as a consultant for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, and Sanofi; and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 American College of Cardiology Foundation

PY - 2020/10/13

Y1 - 2020/10/13

N2 - Viral respiratory infections are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Underlying CVD is also associated with an increased risk of complications following viral respiratory infections, including increased morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. Globally, these phenomena are observed with seasonal influenza and with the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Persons with CVD represent an important target population for respiratory virus vaccines, with capacity developed within 3 large ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials to determine the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines. In the context of COVID-19, these international trial networks may be uniquely positioned to redeploy infrastructure to study therapies for primary and secondary prevention of COVID-19. Here, we describe mechanistic links between influenza and COVID-19 infection and the risk of acute cardiovascular events, summarize the data to date on the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines, and describe the ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials, highlighting important lessons learned that are applicable to COVID-19.

AB - Viral respiratory infections are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Underlying CVD is also associated with an increased risk of complications following viral respiratory infections, including increased morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. Globally, these phenomena are observed with seasonal influenza and with the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Persons with CVD represent an important target population for respiratory virus vaccines, with capacity developed within 3 large ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials to determine the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines. In the context of COVID-19, these international trial networks may be uniquely positioned to redeploy infrastructure to study therapies for primary and secondary prevention of COVID-19. Here, we describe mechanistic links between influenza and COVID-19 infection and the risk of acute cardiovascular events, summarize the data to date on the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines, and describe the ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials, highlighting important lessons learned that are applicable to COVID-19.

KW - acute myocardial infarction

KW - cardioprotection

KW - heart failure

KW - influenza vaccination

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ER -

Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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