Installation and start up of an on-line state estimator

This paper presents some of the practical aspects of installing a state estimator in a utility energy control center. The telemetry system had been installed for a number of years prior to the incorporation of the state estimation function. Most of the installation problems involve measurement observability which is given greatest attention in the paper. Additional useful techniques are described which were used to overcome algorithm convergence problems and to enhance the ability of the estimator to detect and identify bad measurements.