Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration

Szabolcs Felszeghy; Johanna Viiri; Jussi J. Paterno; Juha M.T. Hyttinen; Ali Koskela; Mei Chen; Henri Leinonen; Heikki Tanila; Niko Kivinen; Arto Koistinen; Elisa Toropainen; Marialaura Amadio; Adrian Smedowski; Mika Reinisalo; Mateusz Winiarczyk; Jerzy Mackiewicz; Maija Mutikainen; Anna Kaisa Ruotsalainen; Mikko Kettunen; Kimmo Jokivarsi; Debasish Sinha; Kati Kinnunen; Goran Petrovski; Janusz Blasiak; Geir Bjørkøy; Ari Koskelainen; Heli Skottman; Arto Urtti; Antero Salminen; Ram Kannan; Deborah A. Ferrington; Heping Xu; Anna Liisa Levonen; Pasi Tavi; Anu Kauppinen; Kai Kaarniranta

doi:10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.011

Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration

Szabolcs Felszeghy, Johanna Viiri, Jussi J. Paterno, Juha M.T. Hyttinen, Ali Koskela, Mei Chen, Henri Leinonen, Heikki Tanila, Niko Kivinen, Arto Koistinen, Elisa Toropainen, Marialaura Amadio, Adrian Smedowski, Mika Reinisalo, Mateusz Winiarczyk, Jerzy Mackiewicz, Maija Mutikainen, Anna Kaisa Ruotsalainen, Mikko Kettunen, Kimmo JokivarsiDebasish Sinha, Kati Kinnunen, Goran Petrovski, Janusz Blasiak, Geir Bjørkøy, Ari Koskelainen, Heli Skottman, Arto Urtti, Antero Salminen, Ram Kannan, Deborah A. Ferrington, Heping Xu, Anna Liisa Levonen, Pasi Tavi, Anu Kauppinen, Kai Kaarniranta

Ophthalmology & Visual Neurosciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

110 Scopus citations

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease that is the leading cause of irreversible and severe vision loss in the developed countries. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of dry AMD involves impaired protein degradation in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and evoke tissue deterioration during the aging process. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the lysosomal/autophagosomal pathway are the two major proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells. NRF-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha) are master transcription factors in the regulation of cellular detoxification. We investigated the role of NRF-2 and PGC-1α in the regulation of RPE cell structure and function by using global double knockout (dKO) mice. The NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mice exhibited significant age-dependent RPE degeneration, accumulation of the oxidative stress marker, 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, levels of protein ubiquitination and autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), Beclin-1 and LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) were significantly increased together with the Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) mononuclear phagocyte marker and an enlargement of RPE size. These histopathological changes of RPE were accompanied by photoreceptor dysmorphology and vision loss as revealed by electroretinography. Consequently, these novel findings suggest that the NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mouse is a valuable model for investigating the role of proteasomal and autophagy clearance in the RPE and in the development of dry AMD.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1-12
Number of pages	12
Journal	Redox Biology
Volume	20
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.011
State	Published - Jan 2019

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 The Authors

Keywords

Aging
Autophagy
Degeneration
Oxidative stress
Proteasome
Protein aggregation

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10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.011

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6156745

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Felszeghy, S., Viiri, J., Paterno, J. J., Hyttinen, J. M. T., Koskela, A., Chen, M., Leinonen, H., Tanila, H., Kivinen, N., Koistinen, A., Toropainen, E., Amadio, M., Smedowski, A., Reinisalo, M., Winiarczyk, M., Mackiewicz, J., Mutikainen, M., Ruotsalainen, A. K., Kettunen, M., ... Kaarniranta, K. (2019). Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biology, 20, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.011

Felszeghy, S, Viiri, J, Paterno, JJ, Hyttinen, JMT, Koskela, A, Chen, M, Leinonen, H, Tanila, H, Kivinen, N, Koistinen, A, Toropainen, E, Amadio, M, Smedowski, A, Reinisalo, M, Winiarczyk, M, Mackiewicz, J, Mutikainen, M, Ruotsalainen, AK, Kettunen, M, Jokivarsi, K, Sinha, D, Kinnunen, K, Petrovski, G, Blasiak, J, Bjørkøy, G, Koskelainen, A, Skottman, H, Urtti, A, Salminen, A, Kannan, R, Ferrington, DA, Xu, H, Levonen, AL, Tavi, P, Kauppinen, A & Kaarniranta, K 2019, 'Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration', Redox Biology, vol. 20, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.011

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abstract = "Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease that is the leading cause of irreversible and severe vision loss in the developed countries. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of dry AMD involves impaired protein degradation in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and evoke tissue deterioration during the aging process. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the lysosomal/autophagosomal pathway are the two major proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells. NRF-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha) are master transcription factors in the regulation of cellular detoxification. We investigated the role of NRF-2 and PGC-1α in the regulation of RPE cell structure and function by using global double knockout (dKO) mice. The NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mice exhibited significant age-dependent RPE degeneration, accumulation of the oxidative stress marker, 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, levels of protein ubiquitination and autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), Beclin-1 and LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) were significantly increased together with the Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) mononuclear phagocyte marker and an enlargement of RPE size. These histopathological changes of RPE were accompanied by photoreceptor dysmorphology and vision loss as revealed by electroretinography. Consequently, these novel findings suggest that the NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mouse is a valuable model for investigating the role of proteasomal and autophagy clearance in the RPE and in the development of dry AMD.",

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AU - Felszeghy, Szabolcs

AU - Viiri, Johanna

AU - Paterno, Jussi J.

AU - Hyttinen, Juha M.T.

AU - Koskela, Ali

AU - Chen, Mei

AU - Leinonen, Henri

AU - Tanila, Heikki

AU - Kivinen, Niko

AU - Koistinen, Arto

AU - Toropainen, Elisa

AU - Amadio, Marialaura

AU - Smedowski, Adrian

AU - Reinisalo, Mika

AU - Winiarczyk, Mateusz

AU - Mackiewicz, Jerzy

AU - Mutikainen, Maija

AU - Ruotsalainen, Anna Kaisa

AU - Kettunen, Mikko

AU - Jokivarsi, Kimmo

AU - Sinha, Debasish

AU - Kinnunen, Kati

AU - Petrovski, Goran

AU - Blasiak, Janusz

AU - Bjørkøy, Geir

AU - Koskelainen, Ari

AU - Skottman, Heli

AU - Urtti, Arto

AU - Salminen, Antero

AU - Kannan, Ram

AU - Ferrington, Deborah A.

AU - Xu, Heping

AU - Levonen, Anna Liisa

AU - Tavi, Pasi

AU - Kauppinen, Anu

AU - Kaarniranta, Kai

PY - 2019/1

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N2 - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease that is the leading cause of irreversible and severe vision loss in the developed countries. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of dry AMD involves impaired protein degradation in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and evoke tissue deterioration during the aging process. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the lysosomal/autophagosomal pathway are the two major proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells. NRF-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha) are master transcription factors in the regulation of cellular detoxification. We investigated the role of NRF-2 and PGC-1α in the regulation of RPE cell structure and function by using global double knockout (dKO) mice. The NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mice exhibited significant age-dependent RPE degeneration, accumulation of the oxidative stress marker, 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, levels of protein ubiquitination and autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), Beclin-1 and LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) were significantly increased together with the Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) mononuclear phagocyte marker and an enlargement of RPE size. These histopathological changes of RPE were accompanied by photoreceptor dysmorphology and vision loss as revealed by electroretinography. Consequently, these novel findings suggest that the NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mouse is a valuable model for investigating the role of proteasomal and autophagy clearance in the RPE and in the development of dry AMD.

AB - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease that is the leading cause of irreversible and severe vision loss in the developed countries. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of dry AMD involves impaired protein degradation in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and evoke tissue deterioration during the aging process. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the lysosomal/autophagosomal pathway are the two major proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells. NRF-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha) are master transcription factors in the regulation of cellular detoxification. We investigated the role of NRF-2 and PGC-1α in the regulation of RPE cell structure and function by using global double knockout (dKO) mice. The NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mice exhibited significant age-dependent RPE degeneration, accumulation of the oxidative stress marker, 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, levels of protein ubiquitination and autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), Beclin-1 and LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) were significantly increased together with the Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) mononuclear phagocyte marker and an enlargement of RPE size. These histopathological changes of RPE were accompanied by photoreceptor dysmorphology and vision loss as revealed by electroretinography. Consequently, these novel findings suggest that the NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mouse is a valuable model for investigating the role of proteasomal and autophagy clearance in the RPE and in the development of dry AMD.

KW - Aging

KW - Autophagy

KW - Degeneration

KW - Oxidative stress

KW - Proteasome

KW - Protein aggregation

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Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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