Maternal Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pregnancy and Child Growth from Birth to Age 6

Context: Maternal oxidative stress in pregnancy can arise through a multitude of sources and may have lifelong consequences for the child. Animal studies suggest that prenatal oxidative stress may contribute to metabolic dysfunction and excessive weight gain in the offspring. However, this relationship has been studied minimally in humans. Objective: Determine the association between prenatal oxidative stress biomarkers and child weight and body mass index (BMI) z-scores from birth to age 6. Methods: Within The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES) prospective pregnancy cohort, we calculated age-and sex-specific Z-scores for child weight and BMI, measured between birth and age 6 (N = 736). Three oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified in third-Trimester urine, including 8-iso-prostaglandin F2? (8-iso-PGF2?), its primary metabolite, and prostaglandin F2? (PGF2?). We examined associations between each biomarker and Z-scores using linear regression as well as group-based trajectory modeling. Results: Prenatal 8-iso-PGF2? and its metabolite were associated with lower birth weight and higher weight at age 4. For example, an ln-unit increase in 8-iso-PGF2? was associated with 0.17 SD higher weight at age 4 (95% CI 0.01, 0.33). These biomarkers were also associated with higher BMI at age 4. Finally, within 4 unique weight trajectories (low, normal, high, and low-high), children of mothers with higher 8-iso-PGF2? were 2.56 times more likely (95% CI 1.22, 5.41) to be in the low-high trajectory than children in the normal group. Conclusion: We observed associations between third-Trimester oxidative stress and lower birth weight as well as higher early childhood weight and BMI. These findings have important implications for understanding the developmental origins of childhood weight gain and metabolic disease.