Normalized microwave reflection index: Validation of vegetation water content estimates from montana grasslands

The Normalized Microwave Reflection Index (NMRI) measures the intensity of GPS reflections, which is affected by vegetation within ∼ 100 m} of GPS antennas. In a companion paper, the theoretical basis for NMRI and how it is derived from data archived at geodetic GPS installations are described. NMRI is calculated by normalizing the standard GPS metric MP₁rms on a site-by-site basis to minimize terrain effects. Here, we validate NMRI as a metric for estimating vegetation water content (VWC) and evaluate the normalization procedure. In situ measurements of plant height, biomass, and VWC were taken on a biweekly basis during 2012 at four grassland sites in Montana. These measurements were compared to time series of MP₁rms , NMRI, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from each site. At each site, a significant linear relationship exists between MP₁rms and VWC. However, this relationship is not consistent across sites. Once normalized, a linear relationship exists between NMRI and VWC (r² = 0.71) that is consistent across the four sites. This suggests that VWC could be predicted from NMRI at sites without in situ observations, as long as vegetation and climate are similar. There is no clear relationship between NMRI and either vegetation height or biomass. The importance of normalization is shown using data from eight additional sites. After normalization, a strong positive correlation is apparent between NMRI and NDVI across all grassland GPS sites in Montana.