Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is associated with myriad debilitating health issues and significant motor and communicative impairments. Because of the former there is concern about the possibility of recurrent and chronic pain but because of the latter it remains difficult to determine what pain ‘looks like’ in RTT. This study investigated pain experience and expression using multiple complementary subjective and objective approaches among a clinical RTT sample. Following informed consent, 18 participants (all female) with RTT (mean age = 12.8 years, SD = 6.32) were characterized in terms of pain experience and interference, typical pain expression, and elicited pain behavior during a passive range of motion-like examination procedure. Parents completed the Dalhousie Pain Interview (DPI; pain type, frequency, duration, intensity), the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI; pain interference), and the Non-Communicating Children’s Pain Checklist – Revised (NCCPC-R; typical pain expression). A Pain Examination Procedure (PEP) was conducted and scored using the Pain and Discomfort Scale (PADS). The majority of the sample (89 %) were reported to experience pain in the previous week which presented as gastrointestinal (n = 8), musculoskeletal (n = 5), and seizure related pain (n = 5) that was intense (scored 0–10; M = 5.67, SD = 3.09) and long in duration (M = 25.22 h, SD = 53.52). Numerous pain-expressive behaviors were inventoried (e.g., vocal, facial, mood/interaction changes) when parents reported their child’s typical pain behaviors and based on independent direct observation during a reliably coded pain exam. This study provides subjective and objective evidence that individuals with RTT experience recurring and chronic pain for which pain expression appears intact.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 417-429 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities |
Volume | 27 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Aug 1 2015 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the Observational Methods Lab in the Dept. of Educational Psychology at the University of Minnesota and specifically Alyssa Merbler for her technical assistance. This study was supported, in part, by NICHD Grant No: 73126, 44763, and a Coffman Professorship (FS) from the College of Education & Human Development at the University of Minnesota. We are indebted to the families and their daughters for their participation and their patience.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
Keywords
- MeCP2
- Measurement
- Neurodevelopmental disability
- Pain
- Rett syndrome