Perceptions of gender equity in departmental leadership, research opportunities, and clinical work attitudes: an international survey of 11 781 anaesthesiologists

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doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.12.022

Perceptions of gender equity in departmental leadership, research opportunities, and clinical work attitudes: an international survey of 11 781 anaesthesiologists

Collaborators

Anesthesiology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

33 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Women make up an increasing proportion of the physician workforce in anaesthesia, but they are consistently under-represented in leadership and governance. Methods: We performed an internet-based survey to investigate career opportunities in leadership and research amongst anaesthesiologists. We also explored gender bias attributable to workplace attitudes and economic factors. The survey instrument was piloted, translated into seven languages, and uploaded to the SurveyMonkey® platform. We aimed to collect between 7800 and 13 700 responses from at least 100 countries. Participant consent and ethical approval were obtained. A quantitative analysis was done with χ² and Cramer's V as a measure of strength of associations. We used an inductive approach and a thematic content analysis for qualitative data on current barriers to leadership and research. Results: The 11 746 respondents, 51.3% women and 48.7% men, represented 148 countries; 35 respondents identified their gender as non-binary. Women were less driven to achieve leadership positions (P<0.001; Cramer's V: 0.11). Being a woman was reported as a disadvantage for leadership and research (P<0.001 for both; Cramer's V: 0.47 and 0.34, respectively). Women were also more likely to be mistreated in the workplace (odds ratio: 10.6; 95% confidence interval: 9.4–11.9; P<0.001), most commonly by surgeons. Several personal, departmental, institutional, and societal barriers in leadership and research were identified, and strategies to overcome them were suggested. Lower-income countries were associated with a significantly smaller gender gap (P<0.001). Conclusions: Whilst certain trends suggest improvements in the workplace, barriers to promotion of women in key leadership and research positions continue within anaesthesiology internationally.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	e160-e170
Journal	British Journal of Anaesthesia
Volume	124
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.12.022
State	Published - Mar 2020

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
For piloting the questionnaire, the authors thank the following (i) anaesthesiologists: Andreja Moller Petrun, Mirt Kamenik, Jozica Wagner Kovacec, Domen Kogler, Marko Lokar, Katarina Katja Primozic, Bogdan Zdravkovic, Barbara Pecovnik, Pieter Mertens, Maria Lurdes Castro, Tina Heidi Pedersen, Beatriz Noronha, Ross Hofmeyr, Thomas Chloros, Filip Depta, Jana Sendreyova, Natalia Bogdanova Kavalcikova, and Chris Martini; and (ii) medical educationalists: Debra Lee Klamen, Heeyoung Han, Leslie Clasina Smith, Shelley Parr, Pat O'Sullivan, Paul de Roos, and Sonia Vaida. For translations, the authors thank Beatriz Noronha, Denis Pizhin, Jekaterina Jagodzinska, Laure Robert-Tissot, Tatjana Dill, David Berger, Alicia Del Moral Olmo, Alejandro Bernasconi, Philippe Dubois, and Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva. The authors also acknowledge the following (i) supporting international societies: European Airway Management Society and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine; and (ii) supporting national societies: Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (Italy), New Zealand Society of Anaesthetists (New Zealand), South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (South Africa), Oman Society of Anesthesia and Critical Care (Oman), Société Marocaine d'Anesthésie Réanimation (Morocco), Nigerian Society of Anaesthetists (Nigeria), Kenya Society of Anaesthesiologists (Kenya), Finnish Society of Anaesthesiologists (Finland), Armenian Society of Anaesthesiologists and Intensive Care Specialists (Armenia), Bulgarian Society of Anaesthesiologists (Bulgaria), Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Brazil), Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (Romania), Turkish Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Society (Turkey), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (Austria), Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (Spain), Société Française d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation (France), and Nederlandse Vereniging voor Anesthesiologie (Netherlands). The authors also acknowledge the collaborators, who are listed in the Supplementary material.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia

Keywords

anaesthesiology
gender equity
gender gap
global survey
leadership
physician perception
research
work attitudes

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.bja.2019.12.022

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title = "Perceptions of gender equity in departmental leadership, research opportunities, and clinical work attitudes: an international survey of 11 781 anaesthesiologists",

abstract = "Background: Women make up an increasing proportion of the physician workforce in anaesthesia, but they are consistently under-represented in leadership and governance. Methods: We performed an internet-based survey to investigate career opportunities in leadership and research amongst anaesthesiologists. We also explored gender bias attributable to workplace attitudes and economic factors. The survey instrument was piloted, translated into seven languages, and uploaded to the SurveyMonkey{\textregistered} platform. We aimed to collect between 7800 and 13 700 responses from at least 100 countries. Participant consent and ethical approval were obtained. A quantitative analysis was done with χ2 and Cramer's V as a measure of strength of associations. We used an inductive approach and a thematic content analysis for qualitative data on current barriers to leadership and research. Results: The 11 746 respondents, 51.3% women and 48.7% men, represented 148 countries; 35 respondents identified their gender as non-binary. Women were less driven to achieve leadership positions (P<0.001; Cramer's V: 0.11). Being a woman was reported as a disadvantage for leadership and research (P<0.001 for both; Cramer's V: 0.47 and 0.34, respectively). Women were also more likely to be mistreated in the workplace (odds ratio: 10.6; 95% confidence interval: 9.4–11.9; P<0.001), most commonly by surgeons. Several personal, departmental, institutional, and societal barriers in leadership and research were identified, and strategies to overcome them were suggested. Lower-income countries were associated with a significantly smaller gender gap (P<0.001). Conclusions: Whilst certain trends suggest improvements in the workplace, barriers to promotion of women in key leadership and research positions continue within anaesthesiology internationally.",

keywords = "anaesthesiology, gender equity, gender gap, global survey, leadership, physician perception, research, work attitudes",

author = "Collaborators and Marko Zdravkovic and Denisa Osinova and Brull, {Sorin J.} and Prielipp, {Richard C.} and Sim{\~o}es, {Claudia M.} and Joana Berger-Estilita and Marijana Matas and Sofia Santos and Kaie Stroo and Aikaterini Bouzia and Gely Samara and Balint Nagy and Massimiliano Sorbello and Jekaterina Jagodzinska-Pe{\v s}kova and Vasko Demjanski and Agius, {Velitchka S.} and Castro, {Maria de L.} and Christofer Lindholm and Slavi Assov and Michaela Tomascikova and Ayten Saracoglu and Hatem Azzam and Jan Hansel and Beatriz Noronha and Sheila Myatra and Ross Hofmeyr and Alejandro Bernasconi and Dibue, {Wilfrid M.} and Vissolela Saituma and Pupo, {Alaide M.} and Pieter Mertens and Milena Konarska and Nathalie Vasil'eva and {El Tahan}, {Mohamed R.} and Frank St{\"u}ber and Armen Varosyan and Susilo Chandra and Malgorzata Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz and Dilmen, {{\"O}zlem K.} and Meco, {Basak C.} and Marcello Campos and Katarzyna Kotfis and Nazer Beley and Oleh Loskutov",

note = "Funding Information: For piloting the questionnaire, the authors thank the following (i) anaesthesiologists: Andreja Moller Petrun, Mirt Kamenik, Jozica Wagner Kovacec, Domen Kogler, Marko Lokar, Katarina Katja Primozic, Bogdan Zdravkovic, Barbara Pecovnik, Pieter Mertens, Maria Lurdes Castro, Tina Heidi Pedersen, Beatriz Noronha, Ross Hofmeyr, Thomas Chloros, Filip Depta, Jana Sendreyova, Natalia Bogdanova Kavalcikova, and Chris Martini; and (ii) medical educationalists: Debra Lee Klamen, Heeyoung Han, Leslie Clasina Smith, Shelley Parr, Pat O'Sullivan, Paul de Roos, and Sonia Vaida. For translations, the authors thank Beatriz Noronha, Denis Pizhin, Jekaterina Jagodzinska, Laure Robert-Tissot, Tatjana Dill, David Berger, Alicia Del Moral Olmo, Alejandro Bernasconi, Philippe Dubois, and Societ{\`a} Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva. The authors also acknowledge the following (i) supporting international societies: European Airway Management Society and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine; and (ii) supporting national societies: Societ{\`a} Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (Italy), New Zealand Society of Anaesthetists (New Zealand), South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (South Africa), Oman Society of Anesthesia and Critical Care (Oman), Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Marocaine d'Anesth{\'e}sie R{\'e}animation (Morocco), Nigerian Society of Anaesthetists (Nigeria), Kenya Society of Anaesthesiologists (Kenya), Finnish Society of Anaesthesiologists (Finland), Armenian Society of Anaesthesiologists and Intensive Care Specialists (Armenia), Bulgarian Society of Anaesthesiologists (Bulgaria), Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Brazil), Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (Romania), Turkish Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Society (Turkey), {\"O}sterreichische Gesellschaft f{\"u}r An{\"a}sthesiologie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (Austria), Sociedad Espa{\~n}ola de Anestesiolog{\'i}a, Reanimaci{\'o}n y Terap{\'e}utica del Dolor (Spain), Soci{\'e}t{\'e} Fran{\c c}aise d'Anesth{\'e}sie et de R{\'e}animation (France), and Nederlandse Vereniging voor Anesthesiologie (Netherlands). The authors also acknowledge the collaborators, who are listed in the Supplementary material. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia",

year = "2020",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1016/j.bja.2019.12.022",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "124",

pages = "e160--e170",

journal = "British Journal of Anaesthesia",

issn = "0007-0912",

publisher = "Oxford University Press",

number = "3",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Perceptions of gender equity in departmental leadership, research opportunities, and clinical work attitudes

T2 - an international survey of 11 781 anaesthesiologists

AU - Collaborators

AU - Zdravkovic, Marko

AU - Osinova, Denisa

AU - Brull, Sorin J.

AU - Prielipp, Richard C.

AU - Simões, Claudia M.

AU - Berger-Estilita, Joana

AU - Matas, Marijana

AU - Santos, Sofia

AU - Stroo, Kaie

AU - Bouzia, Aikaterini

AU - Samara, Gely

AU - Nagy, Balint

AU - Sorbello, Massimiliano

AU - Jagodzinska-Peškova, Jekaterina

AU - Demjanski, Vasko

AU - Agius, Velitchka S.

AU - Castro, Maria de L.

AU - Lindholm, Christofer

AU - Assov, Slavi

AU - Tomascikova, Michaela

AU - Saracoglu, Ayten

AU - Azzam, Hatem

AU - Hansel, Jan

AU - Noronha, Beatriz

AU - Myatra, Sheila

AU - Hofmeyr, Ross

AU - Bernasconi, Alejandro

AU - Dibue, Wilfrid M.

AU - Saituma, Vissolela

AU - Pupo, Alaide M.

AU - Mertens, Pieter

AU - Konarska, Milena

AU - Vasil'eva, Nathalie

AU - El Tahan, Mohamed R.

AU - Stüber, Frank

AU - Varosyan, Armen

AU - Chandra, Susilo

AU - Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz, Malgorzata

AU - Dilmen, Özlem K.

AU - Meco, Basak C.

AU - Campos, Marcello

AU - Kotfis, Katarzyna

AU - Beley, Nazer

AU - Loskutov, Oleh

N1 - Funding Information: For piloting the questionnaire, the authors thank the following (i) anaesthesiologists: Andreja Moller Petrun, Mirt Kamenik, Jozica Wagner Kovacec, Domen Kogler, Marko Lokar, Katarina Katja Primozic, Bogdan Zdravkovic, Barbara Pecovnik, Pieter Mertens, Maria Lurdes Castro, Tina Heidi Pedersen, Beatriz Noronha, Ross Hofmeyr, Thomas Chloros, Filip Depta, Jana Sendreyova, Natalia Bogdanova Kavalcikova, and Chris Martini; and (ii) medical educationalists: Debra Lee Klamen, Heeyoung Han, Leslie Clasina Smith, Shelley Parr, Pat O'Sullivan, Paul de Roos, and Sonia Vaida. For translations, the authors thank Beatriz Noronha, Denis Pizhin, Jekaterina Jagodzinska, Laure Robert-Tissot, Tatjana Dill, David Berger, Alicia Del Moral Olmo, Alejandro Bernasconi, Philippe Dubois, and Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva. The authors also acknowledge the following (i) supporting international societies: European Airway Management Society and American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine; and (ii) supporting national societies: Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (Italy), New Zealand Society of Anaesthetists (New Zealand), South African Society of Anaesthesiologists (South Africa), Oman Society of Anesthesia and Critical Care (Oman), Société Marocaine d'Anesthésie Réanimation (Morocco), Nigerian Society of Anaesthetists (Nigeria), Kenya Society of Anaesthesiologists (Kenya), Finnish Society of Anaesthesiologists (Finland), Armenian Society of Anaesthesiologists and Intensive Care Specialists (Armenia), Bulgarian Society of Anaesthesiologists (Bulgaria), Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Brazil), Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (Romania), Turkish Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Society (Turkey), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie, Reanimation und Intensivmedizin (Austria), Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (Spain), Société Française d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation (France), and Nederlandse Vereniging voor Anesthesiologie (Netherlands). The authors also acknowledge the collaborators, who are listed in the Supplementary material. Publisher Copyright: © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia

PY - 2020/3

Y1 - 2020/3

N2 - Background: Women make up an increasing proportion of the physician workforce in anaesthesia, but they are consistently under-represented in leadership and governance. Methods: We performed an internet-based survey to investigate career opportunities in leadership and research amongst anaesthesiologists. We also explored gender bias attributable to workplace attitudes and economic factors. The survey instrument was piloted, translated into seven languages, and uploaded to the SurveyMonkey® platform. We aimed to collect between 7800 and 13 700 responses from at least 100 countries. Participant consent and ethical approval were obtained. A quantitative analysis was done with χ2 and Cramer's V as a measure of strength of associations. We used an inductive approach and a thematic content analysis for qualitative data on current barriers to leadership and research. Results: The 11 746 respondents, 51.3% women and 48.7% men, represented 148 countries; 35 respondents identified their gender as non-binary. Women were less driven to achieve leadership positions (P<0.001; Cramer's V: 0.11). Being a woman was reported as a disadvantage for leadership and research (P<0.001 for both; Cramer's V: 0.47 and 0.34, respectively). Women were also more likely to be mistreated in the workplace (odds ratio: 10.6; 95% confidence interval: 9.4–11.9; P<0.001), most commonly by surgeons. Several personal, departmental, institutional, and societal barriers in leadership and research were identified, and strategies to overcome them were suggested. Lower-income countries were associated with a significantly smaller gender gap (P<0.001). Conclusions: Whilst certain trends suggest improvements in the workplace, barriers to promotion of women in key leadership and research positions continue within anaesthesiology internationally.

AB - Background: Women make up an increasing proportion of the physician workforce in anaesthesia, but they are consistently under-represented in leadership and governance. Methods: We performed an internet-based survey to investigate career opportunities in leadership and research amongst anaesthesiologists. We also explored gender bias attributable to workplace attitudes and economic factors. The survey instrument was piloted, translated into seven languages, and uploaded to the SurveyMonkey® platform. We aimed to collect between 7800 and 13 700 responses from at least 100 countries. Participant consent and ethical approval were obtained. A quantitative analysis was done with χ2 and Cramer's V as a measure of strength of associations. We used an inductive approach and a thematic content analysis for qualitative data on current barriers to leadership and research. Results: The 11 746 respondents, 51.3% women and 48.7% men, represented 148 countries; 35 respondents identified their gender as non-binary. Women were less driven to achieve leadership positions (P<0.001; Cramer's V: 0.11). Being a woman was reported as a disadvantage for leadership and research (P<0.001 for both; Cramer's V: 0.47 and 0.34, respectively). Women were also more likely to be mistreated in the workplace (odds ratio: 10.6; 95% confidence interval: 9.4–11.9; P<0.001), most commonly by surgeons. Several personal, departmental, institutional, and societal barriers in leadership and research were identified, and strategies to overcome them were suggested. Lower-income countries were associated with a significantly smaller gender gap (P<0.001). Conclusions: Whilst certain trends suggest improvements in the workplace, barriers to promotion of women in key leadership and research positions continue within anaesthesiology internationally.

KW - anaesthesiology

KW - gender equity

KW - gender gap

KW - global survey

KW - leadership

KW - physician perception

KW - research

KW - work attitudes

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DO - 10.1016/j.bja.2019.12.022

M3 - Article

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AN - SCOPUS:85078037791

SN - 0007-0912

VL - 124

SP - e160-e170

JO - British Journal of Anaesthesia

JF - British Journal of Anaesthesia

IS - 3

ER -

Perceptions of gender equity in departmental leadership, research opportunities, and clinical work attitudes: an international survey of 11 781 anaesthesiologists

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access

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