Photolysis of atrazine: Role of triplet dissolved organic matter and limitations of sensitizers and quenchers

Bin Wu; William A. Arnold; Limin Ma

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116659

Photolysis of atrazine: Role of triplet dissolved organic matter and limitations of sensitizers and quenchers

Bin Wu, William A. Arnold, Limin Ma

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Abstract

Atrazine, a widely used herbicide, is susceptible to photolysis. The role of triplet excited states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (³CDOM*) in the photolysis of atrazine, however, is not well understood. The direct photolysis of atrazine under irradiation sources (natural sunlight/environmentally relevant simulated solar light) and its indirect photochemical reactivity with model triplet photosensitizers (benzophenone, 2-acetonaphthone, 3′-methoxy-acetophenone, 4-carboxybenzophenone, rose bengal, methylene blue, and anthraquinone-2-sulphonate) was investigated. The reactivity of the model sensitizers and DOM (Suwannee River natural organic matter, river/lake water, and wastewater effluent), were compared. The direct photolysis quantum yield was determined as 0.0196 mol Einstein⁻¹ in a solar simulator and 0.00437 mol Einstein⁻¹ under natural sunlight. Considerable photosensitization was induced by triplet state (n-π*) model sensitizers, while insignificant effects on atrazine loss were discerned in natural organic matter even when oxygen, a triplet quencher, was removed. The triplet sensitizers benzophenone and 2-acetylnaphthone reacted with L-histidine and 2-propanol that were intended to quench/ scavenge ¹O₂ and hydroxyl radical ^•OH, respectively, and benzophenone reacted with NaN₃ as a ¹O₂ scavenger and furfuryl alcohol as a ¹O₂ trapping agent, indicating quenchers may have unanticipated effects when using model sensitizers. Atrazine loss via reaction with ³DOM* will be relevant only in selected conditions, and this work provides a more comprehensive view on the use of model photosensitizers to mimic triplet ³DOM*.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	116659
Journal	Water Research
Volume	190
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116659
State	Published - Feb 15 2021
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2017YFC0505705) and the Foundation of Key Laboratory of the Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai China, (Grant No. YRWEF201807). Thanks to the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota and the Joseph T. and Rose S. Ling Professorship for providing laboratory space and resources as well as guidance and advice on the experiments and the paper.

Funding Information:
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2017YFC0505705 ) and the Foundation of Key Laboratory of the Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University , Shanghai China, (Grant No. YRWEF201807 ). Thanks to the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota and the Joseph T. and Rose S. Ling Professorship for providing laboratory space and resources as well as guidance and advice on the experiments and the paper.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020

Keywords

2-Acetylnaphthone
Atrazine
Triplet dissolved organic matter
Triplet reduction potential
Triplet state configuration

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title = "Photolysis of atrazine: Role of triplet dissolved organic matter and limitations of sensitizers and quenchers",

abstract = "Atrazine, a widely used herbicide, is susceptible to photolysis. The role of triplet excited states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*) in the photolysis of atrazine, however, is not well understood. The direct photolysis of atrazine under irradiation sources (natural sunlight/environmentally relevant simulated solar light) and its indirect photochemical reactivity with model triplet photosensitizers (benzophenone, 2-acetonaphthone, 3′-methoxy-acetophenone, 4-carboxybenzophenone, rose bengal, methylene blue, and anthraquinone-2-sulphonate) was investigated. The reactivity of the model sensitizers and DOM (Suwannee River natural organic matter, river/lake water, and wastewater effluent), were compared. The direct photolysis quantum yield was determined as 0.0196 mol Einstein−1 in a solar simulator and 0.00437 mol Einstein−1 under natural sunlight. Considerable photosensitization was induced by triplet state (n-π*) model sensitizers, while insignificant effects on atrazine loss were discerned in natural organic matter even when oxygen, a triplet quencher, was removed. The triplet sensitizers benzophenone and 2-acetylnaphthone reacted with L-histidine and 2-propanol that were intended to quench/ scavenge 1O2 and hydroxyl radical •OH, respectively, and benzophenone reacted with NaN3 as a 1O2 scavenger and furfuryl alcohol as a 1O2 trapping agent, indicating quenchers may have unanticipated effects when using model sensitizers. Atrazine loss via reaction with 3DOM* will be relevant only in selected conditions, and this work provides a more comprehensive view on the use of model photosensitizers to mimic triplet 3DOM*.",

keywords = "2-Acetylnaphthone, Atrazine, Triplet dissolved organic matter, Triplet reduction potential, Triplet state configuration",

author = "Bin Wu and Arnold, {William A.} and Limin Ma",

note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2017YFC0505705) and the Foundation of Key Laboratory of the Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai China, (Grant No. YRWEF201807). Thanks to the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota and the Joseph T. and Rose S. Ling Professorship for providing laboratory space and resources as well as guidance and advice on the experiments and the paper. Funding Information: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2017YFC0505705 ) and the Foundation of Key Laboratory of the Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University , Shanghai China, (Grant No. YRWEF201807 ). Thanks to the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota and the Joseph T. and Rose S. Ling Professorship for providing laboratory space and resources as well as guidance and advice on the experiments and the paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020",

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N2 - Atrazine, a widely used herbicide, is susceptible to photolysis. The role of triplet excited states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*) in the photolysis of atrazine, however, is not well understood. The direct photolysis of atrazine under irradiation sources (natural sunlight/environmentally relevant simulated solar light) and its indirect photochemical reactivity with model triplet photosensitizers (benzophenone, 2-acetonaphthone, 3′-methoxy-acetophenone, 4-carboxybenzophenone, rose bengal, methylene blue, and anthraquinone-2-sulphonate) was investigated. The reactivity of the model sensitizers and DOM (Suwannee River natural organic matter, river/lake water, and wastewater effluent), were compared. The direct photolysis quantum yield was determined as 0.0196 mol Einstein−1 in a solar simulator and 0.00437 mol Einstein−1 under natural sunlight. Considerable photosensitization was induced by triplet state (n-π*) model sensitizers, while insignificant effects on atrazine loss were discerned in natural organic matter even when oxygen, a triplet quencher, was removed. The triplet sensitizers benzophenone and 2-acetylnaphthone reacted with L-histidine and 2-propanol that were intended to quench/ scavenge 1O2 and hydroxyl radical •OH, respectively, and benzophenone reacted with NaN3 as a 1O2 scavenger and furfuryl alcohol as a 1O2 trapping agent, indicating quenchers may have unanticipated effects when using model sensitizers. Atrazine loss via reaction with 3DOM* will be relevant only in selected conditions, and this work provides a more comprehensive view on the use of model photosensitizers to mimic triplet 3DOM*.

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Photolysis of atrazine: Role of triplet dissolved organic matter and limitations of sensitizers and quenchers

Abstract

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Keywords

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UN SDGs

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