Role of the pituitary in tumor promotion with ethinyl estradiol in rat liver

Synthetic estrogens act as tumor promoters in rat liver. Because estrogen treatment markedly increases the secretion of pituitary prolactin, also shown to be a tumor promoter in rat liver, the possibility of a pituitary influence in estrogen promotion was investigated in Wistar rats. In diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated hypophysectomized (hx) female rats, 24 weeks of ethinyl estradiol (EE) administration (500 μg/kg/d, intraperitoneally) did not increase the number of hepatocyte nodules and did not induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a 2-year study. Very few placental forms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST-P)-positive foci were observed at the end of EE administration. Estrogen receptor (ER) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in hx females were 20% of the levels in intact females. EE administration (range, 160-210 μg/kg/d, subcutaneous release pellets) to DEN-initiated intact males and females increased the number and size of hepatocyte foci. A significant increase in HCC frequency was observed in EE- treated females compared with females receiving sham-release pellets, and the latency period for HCC induction was decreased by EE in both males and females. Inhibition of prolactin (PRL) secretion by bromocriptine (Brc) (ParlodelLAR, slow intramuscular release vehicles) during EE treatment decreased the number of foci without affecting their size and markedly prolonged the latency period in both sexes. EE treatment also significantly increased the expression of c-myc, and c-jun, enhanced the levels of growth hormone receptor (GHr) mRNA in females and the levels of ER mRNA in males and 'feminized' the expression of the GH-regulated genes cytochrome P450 (CYP), 2C11, CYP 2C12, and GHr in male liver. Brc administration decreased the mRNAlevels of the female-predominant CYP 2C12 in EE-treated males but otherwise had no effects. In conclusion, a decreased promotive effect of EE was obtained by decreasing the PRL levels, indicating that estrogens exert at least part of their promotion effects indirectly, by increasing the levels of pituitary PRL.