Science: The struggle for survival, 1880 to 1894

The first issue of Science was published on 3 July 1880 as a result of collaboration between journalist John Michels and inventor Thomas A. Edison. Although Edison withdrew his support after 18 months, Michels published three more issues and continued to seek support elsewhere. Earlier, Alexander Graham Bell expressed interest in the journal, but did not complete negotiations with Michels until after publication of Science had ceased in 1882. In February 1883 the first issue of another series of Science appeared, this time supported by Bell and his father-in-law, Gardiner G. Hubbard. Publication then continued, under the editorship of Samuel H. Scudder and, subsequently, N. D. C. Hodges, until 1894, when, after an interval of several months, Science became the property of James McKeen Cattell.