Study of the primary cosmic ray composition around the knee of the energy spectrum

M. Aglietta; B. Alessandro; P. Antonioli; F. Arneodo; L. Bergamasco; M. Bertaina; A. Campos Fauth; C. Castagnoli; A. Castellina; C. Cattadori; A. Chiavassa; G. Cini; B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli; G. Di Sciascio; W. Fulgione; P. Galeotti; P. L. Ghia; M. Iacovacci; G. Mannocchi; C. Melagrana; C. Morello; G. Navarra; L. Riccati; O. Saavedra; G. C. Trinchero; P. Vallania; S. Vernetto; S. Ahlen; M. Ambrosio; R. Antolini; G. Auriemma; R. Baker; A. Baldini; G. C. Barbarino; B. C. Barish; G. Battistoni; R. Bellotti; C. Bemporad; P. Bernardini; H. Bilokon; V. Bisi; C. Bloise; C. Bower; S. Bussino; F. Cafagna; M. Calicchio; D. Campana; M. Carboni; S. Cecchini; F. Cei; V. Chiarella; R. Cormack; A. Corona; S. Coutu; G. DeCataldo; H. Dekhissi; C. DeMarzo; M. De Mitri; M. De Vincenzi; A. Di Credico; E. Diehl; O. Erriquez; C. Favuzzi; D. Ficenec; C. Forti; P. Fusco; G. Giacomelli; G. Giannini; N. Giglietto; M. Goretti; M. Grassi; P. Green; A. Grillo; F. Guarino; P. Guarnaccia; C. Gustavino; A. Habig; K. Hanson; R. Heinz; J. T. Hong; E. Iarocci; E. Katsavounidis; E. Kearns; S. Klein; S. Kyriazopoulou; E. Lamanna; C. Lane; D. S. Levin; P. Lipari; G. Liu; R. Liu; M. J. Longo; Y. Lu; G. Ludlam; G. Mancarella; G. Mandrioli; A. Margiotta-Neri; A. Marin; A. Marini; D. Martello; A. Marzari Chiesa; P. Matteuzzi; M. N. Mazziotta; D. G. Michael; S. Mikheyev; L. Miller; M. Mittelbrun; P. Monacelli; T. Montaruli; M. Monteno; S. Mufson; J. Musser; D. Nicoló; R. Nolty; S. Nutter; C. Okada; G. Osteria; O. Palamara; S. Parlati; V. Patera; L. Patrizii; B. Pavesi; R. Pazzi; C. W. Peck; J. Petrakis; S. Petrera; N. D. Pignatano; P. Pistilli; A. Rainó; J. Reynoldson; F. Ronga; G. Sanzani; A. Sanzgiri; F. Sartogo; C. Satriano; L. Satta; E. Scapparone; K. Scholberg; A. Sciubba; P. Serra Lugaresi; M. Severi; M. Sitta; P. Spinelli; M. Spinetti; M. Spurio; J. Steele; R. Steinberg; J. L. Stone; L. R. Sulak; A. Surdo; G. Tarlé; V. Togo; V. Valente; C. W. Walter; R. Webb; W. Worstell

doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)90991-1

Study of the primary cosmic ray composition around the knee of the energy spectrum

M. Aglietta, B. Alessandro, P. Antonioli, F. Arneodo, L. Bergamasco, M. Bertaina, A. Campos Fauth, C. Castagnoli, A. Castellina, C. Cattadori, A. Chiavassa, G. Cini, B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, G. Di Sciascio, W. Fulgione, P. Galeotti, P. L. Ghia, M. Iacovacci, G. Mannocchi, C. MelagranaC. Morello, G. Navarra, L. Riccati, O. Saavedra, G. C. Trinchero, P. Vallania, S. Vernetto, S. Ahlen, M. Ambrosio, R. Antolini, G. Auriemma, R. Baker, A. Baldini, G. C. Barbarino, B. C. Barish, G. Battistoni, R. Bellotti, C. Bemporad, P. Bernardini, H. Bilokon, V. Bisi, C. Bloise, C. Bower, S. Bussino, F. Cafagna, M. Calicchio, D. Campana, M. Carboni, S. Cecchini, F. Cei, V. Chiarella, R. Cormack, A. Corona, S. Coutu, G. DeCataldo, H. Dekhissi, C. DeMarzo, M. De Mitri, M. De Vincenzi, A. Di Credico, E. Diehl, O. Erriquez, C. Favuzzi, D. Ficenec, C. Forti, P. Fusco, G. Giacomelli, G. Giannini, N. Giglietto, M. Goretti, M. Grassi, P. Green, A. Grillo, F. Guarino, P. Guarnaccia, C. Gustavino, A. Habig, K. Hanson, R. Heinz, J. T. Hong, E. Iarocci, E. Katsavounidis, E. Kearns, S. Klein, S. Kyriazopoulou, E. Lamanna, C. Lane, D. S. Levin, P. Lipari, G. Liu, R. Liu, M. J. Longo, Y. Lu, G. Ludlam, G. Mancarella, G. Mandrioli, A. Margiotta-Neri, A. Marin, A. Marini, D. Martello, A. Marzari Chiesa, P. Matteuzzi, M. N. Mazziotta, D. G. Michael, S. Mikheyev, L. Miller, M. Mittelbrun, P. Monacelli, T. Montaruli, M. Monteno, S. Mufson, J. Musser, D. Nicoló, R. Nolty, S. Nutter, C. Okada, G. Osteria, O. Palamara, S. Parlati, V. Patera, L. Patrizii, B. Pavesi, R. Pazzi, C. W. Peck, J. Petrakis, S. Petrera, N. D. Pignatano, P. Pistilli, A. Rainó, J. Reynoldson, F. Ronga, G. Sanzani, A. Sanzgiri, F. Sartogo, C. Satriano, L. Satta, E. Scapparone, K. Scholberg, A. Sciubba, P. Serra Lugaresi, M. Severi, M. Sitta, P. Spinelli, M. Spinetti, M. Spurio, J. Steele, R. Steinberg, J. L. Stone, L. R. Sulak, A. Surdo, G. Tarlé, V. Togo, V. Valente, C. W. Walter, R. Webb, W. Worstell

Physics & Astronomy (Duluth)

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Abstract

A study of the primary cosmic ray composition in the energy range 5ṡ10¹⁴-5ṡ10¹⁵ eV is performed through the analysis of the deep underground muons and of the e.m. component of Extensive Air Showers detected in coincidence by the MACRO and EAS-TOP experiments at the Gran Sasso Laboratory. We conclude that: a) pure proton and Iron primary beams are excluded by the experimental data; b) a fraction of nuclei heavier than Helium is necessary to explain the experimental data both below and above the knee; c) a mixed composition, obtained a priori from extrapolations of the spectra directly measured below 100 TeV, yields a reasonable account of the observations up to the knee of the primary spectrum.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	376-382
Number of pages	7
Journal	Physics Letters B
Volume	337
Issue number	3-4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90991-1
State	Published - Oct 13 1994

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the director and staff of the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, and the invaluable assistance of the technical staff of the institutions participating in the experiments. This work was supported in part by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), the Italian National Research Council (CNR), the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation.

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Aglietta, M., Alessandro, B., Antonioli, P., Arneodo, F., Bergamasco, L., Bertaina, M., Fauth, A. C., Castagnoli, C., Castellina, A., Cattadori, C., Chiavassa, A., Cini, G., D'Ettorre Piazzoli, B., Di Sciascio, G., Fulgione, W., Galeotti, P., Ghia, P. L., Iacovacci, M., Mannocchi, G., ... Worstell, W. (1994). Study of the primary cosmic ray composition around the knee of the energy spectrum. Physics Letters B, 337(3-4), 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90991-1

Aglietta, M, Alessandro, B, Antonioli, P, Arneodo, F, Bergamasco, L, Bertaina, M, Fauth, AC, Castagnoli, C, Castellina, A, Cattadori, C, Chiavassa, A, Cini, G, D'Ettorre Piazzoli, B, Di Sciascio, G, Fulgione, W, Galeotti, P, Ghia, PL, Iacovacci, M, Mannocchi, G, Melagrana, C, Morello, C, Navarra, G, Riccati, L, Saavedra, O, Trinchero, GC, Vallania, P, Vernetto, S, Ahlen, S, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, GC, Barish, BC, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bower, C, Bussino, S, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Cormack, R, Corona, A, Coutu, S, DeCataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, DeMarzo, C, De Mitri, M, De Vincenzi, M, Di Credico, A, Diehl, E, Erriquez, O, Favuzzi, C, Ficenec, D, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Green, P, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guarnaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Heinz, R, Hong, JT, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Klein, S, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, DS, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longo, MJ, Lu, Y, Ludlam, G, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Margiotta-Neri, A, Marin, A, Marini, A, Martello, D, Chiesa, AM, Matteuzzi, P, Mazziotta, MN, Michael, DG, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Mittelbrun, M, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicoló, D, Nolty, R, Nutter, S, Okada, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pavesi, B, Pazzi, R, Peck, CW, Petrakis, J, Petrera, S, Pignatano, ND, Pistilli, P, Rainó, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Sanzani, G, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Lugaresi, PS, Severi, M, Sitta, M, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steele, J, Steinberg, R, Stone, JL, Sulak, LR, Surdo, A, Tarlé, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, CW, Webb, R & Worstell, W 1994, 'Study of the primary cosmic ray composition around the knee of the energy spectrum', Physics Letters B, vol. 337, no. 3-4, pp. 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90991-1

@article{a360520c02134e69830c3552ee9a846d,

title = "Study of the primary cosmic ray composition around the knee of the energy spectrum",

abstract = "A study of the primary cosmic ray composition in the energy range 5ṡ1014-5ṡ1015 eV is performed through the analysis of the deep underground muons and of the e.m. component of Extensive Air Showers detected in coincidence by the MACRO and EAS-TOP experiments at the Gran Sasso Laboratory. We conclude that: a) pure proton and Iron primary beams are excluded by the experimental data; b) a fraction of nuclei heavier than Helium is necessary to explain the experimental data both below and above the knee; c) a mixed composition, obtained a priori from extrapolations of the spectra directly measured below 100 TeV, yields a reasonable account of the observations up to the knee of the primary spectrum.",

author = "M. Aglietta and B. Alessandro and P. Antonioli and F. Arneodo and L. Bergamasco and M. Bertaina and Fauth, {A. Campos} and C. Castagnoli and A. Castellina and C. Cattadori and A. Chiavassa and G. Cini and {D'Ettorre Piazzoli}, B. and {Di Sciascio}, G. and W. Fulgione and P. Galeotti and Ghia, {P. L.} and M. Iacovacci and G. Mannocchi and C. Melagrana and C. Morello and G. Navarra and L. Riccati and O. Saavedra and Trinchero, {G. C.} and P. Vallania and S. Vernetto and S. Ahlen and M. Ambrosio and R. Antolini and G. Auriemma and R. Baker and A. Baldini and Barbarino, {G. C.} and Barish, {B. C.} and G. Battistoni and R. Bellotti and C. Bemporad and P. Bernardini and H. Bilokon and V. Bisi and C. Bloise and C. Bower and S. Bussino and F. Cafagna and M. Calicchio and D. Campana and M. Carboni and S. Cecchini and F. Cei and V. Chiarella and R. Cormack and A. Corona and S. Coutu and G. DeCataldo and H. Dekhissi and C. DeMarzo and {De Mitri}, M. and {De Vincenzi}, M. and {Di Credico}, A. and E. Diehl and O. Erriquez and C. Favuzzi and D. Ficenec and C. Forti and P. Fusco and G. Giacomelli and G. Giannini and N. Giglietto and M. Goretti and M. Grassi and P. Green and A. Grillo and F. Guarino and P. Guarnaccia and C. Gustavino and A. Habig and K. Hanson and R. Heinz and Hong, {J. T.} and E. Iarocci and E. Katsavounidis and E. Kearns and S. Klein and S. Kyriazopoulou and E. Lamanna and C. Lane and Levin, {D. S.} and P. Lipari and G. Liu and R. Liu and Longo, {M. J.} and Y. Lu and G. Ludlam and G. Mancarella and G. Mandrioli and A. Margiotta-Neri and A. Marin and A. Marini and D. Martello and Chiesa, {A. Marzari} and P. Matteuzzi and Mazziotta, {M. N.} and Michael, {D. G.} and S. Mikheyev and L. Miller and M. Mittelbrun and P. Monacelli and T. Montaruli and M. Monteno and S. Mufson and J. Musser and D. Nicol{\'o} and R. Nolty and S. Nutter and C. Okada and G. Osteria and O. Palamara and S. Parlati and V. Patera and L. Patrizii and B. Pavesi and R. Pazzi and Peck, {C. W.} and J. Petrakis and S. Petrera and Pignatano, {N. D.} and P. Pistilli and A. Rain{\'o} and J. Reynoldson and F. Ronga and G. Sanzani and A. Sanzgiri and F. Sartogo and C. Satriano and L. Satta and E. Scapparone and K. Scholberg and A. Sciubba and Lugaresi, {P. Serra} and M. Severi and M. Sitta and P. Spinelli and M. Spinetti and M. Spurio and J. Steele and R. Steinberg and Stone, {J. L.} and Sulak, {L. R.} and A. Surdo and G. Tarl{\'e} and V. Togo and V. Valente and Walter, {C. W.} and R. Webb and W. Worstell",

note = "Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the director and staff of the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, and the invaluable assistance of the technical staff of the institutions participating in the experiments. This work was supported in part by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), the Italian National Research Council (CNR), the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation.",

year = "1994",

month = oct,

day = "13",

doi = "10.1016/0370-2693(94)90991-1",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "337",

pages = "376--382",

journal = "Physics Letters B",

issn = "0370-2693",

publisher = "Elsevier",

number = "3-4",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Study of the primary cosmic ray composition around the knee of the energy spectrum

AU - Aglietta, M.

AU - Alessandro, B.

AU - Antonioli, P.

AU - Arneodo, F.

AU - Bergamasco, L.

AU - Bertaina, M.

AU - Fauth, A. Campos

AU - Castagnoli, C.

AU - Castellina, A.

AU - Cattadori, C.

AU - Chiavassa, A.

AU - Cini, G.

AU - D'Ettorre Piazzoli, B.

AU - Di Sciascio, G.

AU - Fulgione, W.

AU - Galeotti, P.

AU - Ghia, P. L.

AU - Iacovacci, M.

AU - Mannocchi, G.

AU - Melagrana, C.

AU - Morello, C.

AU - Navarra, G.

AU - Riccati, L.

AU - Saavedra, O.

AU - Trinchero, G. C.

AU - Vallania, P.

AU - Vernetto, S.

AU - Ahlen, S.

AU - Ambrosio, M.

AU - Antolini, R.

AU - Auriemma, G.

AU - Baker, R.

AU - Baldini, A.

AU - Barbarino, G. C.

AU - Barish, B. C.

AU - Battistoni, G.

AU - Bellotti, R.

AU - Bemporad, C.

AU - Bernardini, P.

AU - Bilokon, H.

AU - Bisi, V.

AU - Bloise, C.

AU - Bower, C.

AU - Bussino, S.

AU - Cafagna, F.

AU - Calicchio, M.

AU - Campana, D.

AU - Carboni, M.

AU - Cecchini, S.

AU - Cei, F.

AU - Chiarella, V.

AU - Cormack, R.

AU - Corona, A.

AU - Coutu, S.

AU - DeCataldo, G.

AU - Dekhissi, H.

AU - DeMarzo, C.

AU - De Mitri, M.

AU - De Vincenzi, M.

AU - Di Credico, A.

AU - Diehl, E.

AU - Erriquez, O.

AU - Favuzzi, C.

AU - Ficenec, D.

AU - Forti, C.

AU - Fusco, P.

AU - Giacomelli, G.

AU - Giannini, G.

AU - Giglietto, N.

AU - Goretti, M.

AU - Grassi, M.

AU - Green, P.

AU - Grillo, A.

AU - Guarino, F.

AU - Guarnaccia, P.

AU - Gustavino, C.

AU - Habig, A.

AU - Hanson, K.

AU - Heinz, R.

AU - Hong, J. T.

AU - Iarocci, E.

AU - Katsavounidis, E.

AU - Kearns, E.

AU - Klein, S.

AU - Kyriazopoulou, S.

AU - Lamanna, E.

AU - Lane, C.

AU - Levin, D. S.

AU - Lipari, P.

AU - Liu, G.

AU - Liu, R.

AU - Longo, M. J.

AU - Lu, Y.

AU - Ludlam, G.

AU - Mancarella, G.

AU - Mandrioli, G.

AU - Margiotta-Neri, A.

AU - Marin, A.

AU - Marini, A.

AU - Martello, D.

AU - Chiesa, A. Marzari

AU - Matteuzzi, P.

AU - Mazziotta, M. N.

AU - Michael, D. G.

AU - Mikheyev, S.

AU - Miller, L.

AU - Mittelbrun, M.

AU - Monacelli, P.

AU - Montaruli, T.

AU - Monteno, M.

AU - Mufson, S.

AU - Musser, J.

AU - Nicoló, D.

AU - Nolty, R.

AU - Nutter, S.

AU - Okada, C.

AU - Osteria, G.

AU - Palamara, O.

AU - Parlati, S.

AU - Patera, V.

AU - Patrizii, L.

AU - Pavesi, B.

AU - Pazzi, R.

AU - Peck, C. W.

AU - Petrakis, J.

AU - Petrera, S.

AU - Pignatano, N. D.

AU - Pistilli, P.

AU - Rainó, A.

AU - Reynoldson, J.

AU - Ronga, F.

AU - Sanzani, G.

AU - Sanzgiri, A.

AU - Sartogo, F.

AU - Satriano, C.

AU - Satta, L.

AU - Scapparone, E.

AU - Scholberg, K.

AU - Sciubba, A.

AU - Lugaresi, P. Serra

AU - Severi, M.

AU - Sitta, M.

AU - Spinelli, P.

AU - Spinetti, M.

AU - Spurio, M.

AU - Steele, J.

AU - Steinberg, R.

AU - Stone, J. L.

AU - Sulak, L. R.

AU - Surdo, A.

AU - Tarlé, G.

AU - Togo, V.

AU - Valente, V.

AU - Walter, C. W.

AU - Webb, R.

AU - Worstell, W.

N1 - Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the director and staff of the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, and the invaluable assistance of the technical staff of the institutions participating in the experiments. This work was supported in part by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), the Italian National Research Council (CNR), the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation.

PY - 1994/10/13

Y1 - 1994/10/13

N2 - A study of the primary cosmic ray composition in the energy range 5ṡ1014-5ṡ1015 eV is performed through the analysis of the deep underground muons and of the e.m. component of Extensive Air Showers detected in coincidence by the MACRO and EAS-TOP experiments at the Gran Sasso Laboratory. We conclude that: a) pure proton and Iron primary beams are excluded by the experimental data; b) a fraction of nuclei heavier than Helium is necessary to explain the experimental data both below and above the knee; c) a mixed composition, obtained a priori from extrapolations of the spectra directly measured below 100 TeV, yields a reasonable account of the observations up to the knee of the primary spectrum.

AB - A study of the primary cosmic ray composition in the energy range 5ṡ1014-5ṡ1015 eV is performed through the analysis of the deep underground muons and of the e.m. component of Extensive Air Showers detected in coincidence by the MACRO and EAS-TOP experiments at the Gran Sasso Laboratory. We conclude that: a) pure proton and Iron primary beams are excluded by the experimental data; b) a fraction of nuclei heavier than Helium is necessary to explain the experimental data both below and above the knee; c) a mixed composition, obtained a priori from extrapolations of the spectra directly measured below 100 TeV, yields a reasonable account of the observations up to the knee of the primary spectrum.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=4243235886&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=4243235886&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/0370-2693(94)90991-1

DO - 10.1016/0370-2693(94)90991-1

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:4243235886

SN - 0370-2693

VL - 337

SP - 376

EP - 382

JO - Physics Letters B

JF - Physics Letters B

IS - 3-4

ER -

Study of the primary cosmic ray composition around the knee of the energy spectrum

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