Substrate and temperature dependence of the formation of the Earth abundant solar absorber Cu₂ZnSnS₄ by ex situ sulfidation of cosputtered Cu-Zn-Sn films

Engineering & Materials Science

• Solar absorbers 100%
• Sulfides 53%
• Earth (planet) 51%
• Tin 45%
• Substrates 43%
• Zinc 41%
• Lime 34%
• Copper 31%
• Temperature 24%
• Glass 24%
• Phase composition 18%
• Quartz 17%
• Impurities 14%
• Metals 14%
• Sapphire 10%
• Grain growth 9%
• Single crystals 8%
• Solar cells 8%
• Thin films 7%

Physics & Astronomy

• sulfidation 92%
• absorbers 51%
• sulfides 49%
• temperature dependence 39%
• tin 36%
• calcium oxides 35%
• zinc 34%
• copper 27%
• glass 17%
• quartz 13%
• metals 11%
• impurities 10%
• borosilicate glass 8%
• purity 6%
• sapphire 6%
• grain size 5%
• solar cells 5%
• single crystals 4%
• temperature 4%
• thin films 3%
• performance 3%

Chemical Compounds

• Solar Absorber 96%
• Sulfide 30%
• Liquid Film 29%
• Quartz 13%
• Grain Growth 9%
• Purity 7%
• Glass Substrate 7%
• Grain Size 7%
• Solar Cell 6%
• Amount 6%
• Single Crystalline Solid 5%
• Alloy 5%
• Diffusion 4%
• Pressure 4%
• Metal 3%