X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol

William T Y Tze; George Bernhardt; Douglas J. Gardner; Alfred W. Christiansen

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2005.08.002

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol

William T Y Tze, George Bernhardt, Douglas J. Gardner, Alfred W. Christiansen

Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

10 Scopus citations

Abstract

This paper attempted to use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface chemistry of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR), a coupling agent that enhances the durability of wood adhesive bonding. Wood veneers of hard maple were soaked in HMR solution for either 1, 15, or 30 min. XPS analyses showed that the treated surfaces exhibited an increase in the non-oxidized carbons (C1), a decrease in C-O bonds (C2), and an unaltered or decreased C{double bond, short}O or O-C-O bonds (C3), when compared to the control (unsoaked) samples. Despite these findings, the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios increased with HMR treatments, and the attributes of carbonate species ( CO₃^{2 -} and HCO₃^-) were identified. Further analyses revealed that these species were of sodium salts, which also formed in sodium hydroxide (0.08 N) treatment of wood. Overall, this study paves the way for relating the surface oxidation states of the treated wood to the adhesive bond strength, with an ultimate attempt to identify the possible roles of surface chemistry in adhesion durability of wood products.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	550-554
Number of pages	5
Journal	International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
Volume	26
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2005.08.002
State	Published - Oct 2006

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was partly supported by the USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program (Grant no. 2001–35103–11191). The partial involvement of Bennett Meulendyk in XPS spectra collection is acknowledged.

Keywords

Adhesion durability
Primers and coupling agents
Surface chemistry
Wood
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

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title = "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol",

abstract = "This paper attempted to use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface chemistry of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR), a coupling agent that enhances the durability of wood adhesive bonding. Wood veneers of hard maple were soaked in HMR solution for either 1, 15, or 30 min. XPS analyses showed that the treated surfaces exhibited an increase in the non-oxidized carbons (C1), a decrease in C-O bonds (C2), and an unaltered or decreased C{double bond, short}O or O-C-O bonds (C3), when compared to the control (unsoaked) samples. Despite these findings, the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios increased with HMR treatments, and the attributes of carbonate species ( CO32 - and HCO3-) were identified. Further analyses revealed that these species were of sodium salts, which also formed in sodium hydroxide (0.08 N) treatment of wood. Overall, this study paves the way for relating the surface oxidation states of the treated wood to the adhesive bond strength, with an ultimate attempt to identify the possible roles of surface chemistry in adhesion durability of wood products.",

keywords = "Adhesion durability, Primers and coupling agents, Surface chemistry, Wood, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy",

author = "Tze, {William T Y} and George Bernhardt and Gardner, {Douglas J.} and Christiansen, {Alfred W.}",

note = "Funding Information: This research was partly supported by the USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program (Grant no. 2001–35103–11191). The partial involvement of Bennett Meulendyk in XPS spectra collection is acknowledged. ",

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AU - Bernhardt, George

AU - Gardner, Douglas J.

AU - Christiansen, Alfred W.

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N2 - This paper attempted to use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface chemistry of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR), a coupling agent that enhances the durability of wood adhesive bonding. Wood veneers of hard maple were soaked in HMR solution for either 1, 15, or 30 min. XPS analyses showed that the treated surfaces exhibited an increase in the non-oxidized carbons (C1), a decrease in C-O bonds (C2), and an unaltered or decreased C{double bond, short}O or O-C-O bonds (C3), when compared to the control (unsoaked) samples. Despite these findings, the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios increased with HMR treatments, and the attributes of carbonate species ( CO32 - and HCO3-) were identified. Further analyses revealed that these species were of sodium salts, which also formed in sodium hydroxide (0.08 N) treatment of wood. Overall, this study paves the way for relating the surface oxidation states of the treated wood to the adhesive bond strength, with an ultimate attempt to identify the possible roles of surface chemistry in adhesion durability of wood products.

AB - This paper attempted to use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface chemistry of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR), a coupling agent that enhances the durability of wood adhesive bonding. Wood veneers of hard maple were soaked in HMR solution for either 1, 15, or 30 min. XPS analyses showed that the treated surfaces exhibited an increase in the non-oxidized carbons (C1), a decrease in C-O bonds (C2), and an unaltered or decreased C{double bond, short}O or O-C-O bonds (C3), when compared to the control (unsoaked) samples. Despite these findings, the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios increased with HMR treatments, and the attributes of carbonate species ( CO32 - and HCO3-) were identified. Further analyses revealed that these species were of sodium salts, which also formed in sodium hydroxide (0.08 N) treatment of wood. Overall, this study paves the way for relating the surface oxidation states of the treated wood to the adhesive bond strength, with an ultimate attempt to identify the possible roles of surface chemistry in adhesion durability of wood products.

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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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