A Multilevel Developmental Psychopathology Systems Perspective on Depression

In this chapter, we examine how the principles of a multilevel developmental psychopathology systems perspective provide insight into understanding the etiology, course, and sequelae of depressive disorders. Depression is of particular interest to developmental psychopathologists because of the complex interplay of psychological (affective, cognitive, interpersonal) and biological (genetic, neurobiological, neurophysiological) systems that are involved. Although there are diverse pathways leading to depressive disorders, potential risk factors for depression may result in a multitude of outcomes, of which depression may be one. Moreover, depressive phenomena and disorders are present throughout the life course. Not only does knowledge of normative development and functioning assist in characterizing the deviations evident among those with depression, but also understanding the aberrations in functioning among depressed persons elucidates how normal adaptation is achieved. In addition, pathways to resilience and competent adaptation despite the experience of significant adversity are discussed. Finally, the implications of a developmental psychopathology approach for prevention and intervention strategies for depression are examined.