TY - JOUR
T1 - American Indian mortality in the late nineteenth century
T2 - The impact of federal assimilation policies on a vulnerable population
AU - Hacker, David J.
AU - Haines, Michael R.
PY - 2005
Y1 - 2005
N2 - Under the urging of late nineteenth-century reformers, U.S. policy toward American Indians shifted from removal and relocation efforts to state-sponsored attempts to "civilize" Indians through allotment of tribal lands, citizenship, and forced education. There is little consensus, however, whether and to what extent federal assimilation efforts played a role in the stabilization and recovery of the American Indian population in the twentieth century. In this paper, we rely on a new IPUMS sample of the 1900 census of American Indians and census-based estimation methods to investigate the impact of federal assimilation policies on childhood mortality. We use children ever born and children surviving data included in the censuses to estimate childhood mortality responses to several questions unique to the Indian enumeration-including tribal affiliation, degree of "white blood," type of dwelling, ability to speak English, and whether a citizen by allotment-to construct multivariate models of child mortality. The results suggest that mortality among American Indians in the late nineteenth century was very highapproximately 62 percent higher than that for the white population. The impact of assimilation policies was mixed. Increased ability to speak English was associated with lower child mortality, while allotment of land in severalty was associated with higher mortality. The combined effect was a very modest four percent decline in mortality. As of 1900, the government campaign to assimilate Indians had yet to result in a significant decline in Indian mortality while incurring substantial economic and cultural costs.
AB - Under the urging of late nineteenth-century reformers, U.S. policy toward American Indians shifted from removal and relocation efforts to state-sponsored attempts to "civilize" Indians through allotment of tribal lands, citizenship, and forced education. There is little consensus, however, whether and to what extent federal assimilation efforts played a role in the stabilization and recovery of the American Indian population in the twentieth century. In this paper, we rely on a new IPUMS sample of the 1900 census of American Indians and census-based estimation methods to investigate the impact of federal assimilation policies on childhood mortality. We use children ever born and children surviving data included in the censuses to estimate childhood mortality responses to several questions unique to the Indian enumeration-including tribal affiliation, degree of "white blood," type of dwelling, ability to speak English, and whether a citizen by allotment-to construct multivariate models of child mortality. The results suggest that mortality among American Indians in the late nineteenth century was very highapproximately 62 percent higher than that for the white population. The impact of assimilation policies was mixed. Increased ability to speak English was associated with lower child mortality, while allotment of land in severalty was associated with higher mortality. The combined effect was a very modest four percent decline in mortality. As of 1900, the government campaign to assimilate Indians had yet to result in a significant decline in Indian mortality while incurring substantial economic and cultural costs.
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U2 - 10.3917/adh.110.0017
DO - 10.3917/adh.110.0017
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:67649294542
SN - 0066-2062
VL - 110
SP - 17
EP - 45
JO - Annales de Demographie Historique
JF - Annales de Demographie Historique
IS - 2
ER -