Cycloaddition of biomass-derived furans for catalytic production of renewable p -xylene

A renewable route to p-xylene from biomass-derived dimethylfuran and ethylene is investigated with zeolite catalysts. Cycloaddition of ethylene and 2,5-dimethylfuran and subsequent dehydration to p-xylene has been achieved with 75% selectivity using H-Y zeolite and an aliphatic solvent at 300 °C. Competitive side reactions include hydrolysis of dimethylfuran to 2,5-hexanedione, alkylation of p-xylene, and polymerization of 2,5-hexanedione. The observed reaction rates and computed energy barriers are consistent with a two-step reaction that proceeds through a bicyclic adduct prior to dehydration to p-xylene. Cycloaddition of ethylene and dimethylfuran occurs without a catalytic active site, but the reaction is promoted by confinement within microporous materials. The presence of Brønsted acid sites catalyzes dehydration of the Diels-Alder cycloadduct (to produce p-xylene and water), and this ultimately causes the rate-determining step to be the initial cycloaddition.