Diabetes and the brain-an overview of existing knowledge and discussions and future implications

Diabetes affects many organ systems including the brain. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been associated with reduced performance on multiple domains of cognitive function, including memory, psychomotor efficiency and executive function. In addition, structural abnormalities in the brain have been noted in subjects with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes using a variety of imaging techniques. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms causing these changes in cognition and structure are not well understood but hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and vascular disease are likely to have key roles. Future research is needed to better understand of the natural history of the cerebral complications of diabetes and to identify the underlying mechanisms that lead to changes in brain function and structure.