TY - JOUR
T1 - Extensive metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in smokers
AU - Stepanov, Irina
AU - Upadhyaya, Pramod
AU - Carmella, Steven G.
AU - Feuer, Rachel
AU - Jensen, Joni
AU - Hatsukami, Dorothy K.
AU - Hecht, Stephen S.
PY - 2008/7
Y1 - 2008/7
N2 - 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent lung carcinogen present in both unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke. The sum of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides, referred to as total NNAL, is an established urinary biomarker of human NNK uptake. Metabolic activation of NNK to DNA adducts proceeds via α-hydroxylation pathways, and 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoic acid (keto acid) and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoic acid (hydroxy acid) are the principal end products of these pathways in rodents and primates. The purpose of this study was to determine NNK metabolic activation in smokers, as measured by the sum of keto acid and hydroxy acid, relative to total NNAL. To specifically identify NNK-derived keto acid and hydroxy acid, which are also formed from nicotine, we added [pyridine-D4]NNK to cigarettes that were originally low in NNK, and measured the deuterium-labeled metabolites in the urine of people who smoked these cigarettes. The total amount of [pyridine-D4]keto acid plus [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid averaged 4.00 ± 2.49 nmol/24 h, whereas the average amount of total [pyridine-D4]NNAL was 0.511 ± 0.368 nmol/24 h. The results of this study show for the first time that NNK metabolic activation is a quantitatively significant pathway in smokers, accounting for ∼86% of total urinary excretion of NNK metabolites. The large interindividual variation in the excreted [pyridine-D4]keto acid and [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid among 20 smokers strongly supports our hypothesis that some smokers activate NNK more extensively than others and that the ratio between biomarkers of metabolic activation and detoxification at a given dose of NNK could be a potential indicator of cancer risk.
AB - 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent lung carcinogen present in both unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke. The sum of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides, referred to as total NNAL, is an established urinary biomarker of human NNK uptake. Metabolic activation of NNK to DNA adducts proceeds via α-hydroxylation pathways, and 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoic acid (keto acid) and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoic acid (hydroxy acid) are the principal end products of these pathways in rodents and primates. The purpose of this study was to determine NNK metabolic activation in smokers, as measured by the sum of keto acid and hydroxy acid, relative to total NNAL. To specifically identify NNK-derived keto acid and hydroxy acid, which are also formed from nicotine, we added [pyridine-D4]NNK to cigarettes that were originally low in NNK, and measured the deuterium-labeled metabolites in the urine of people who smoked these cigarettes. The total amount of [pyridine-D4]keto acid plus [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid averaged 4.00 ± 2.49 nmol/24 h, whereas the average amount of total [pyridine-D4]NNAL was 0.511 ± 0.368 nmol/24 h. The results of this study show for the first time that NNK metabolic activation is a quantitatively significant pathway in smokers, accounting for ∼86% of total urinary excretion of NNK metabolites. The large interindividual variation in the excreted [pyridine-D4]keto acid and [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid among 20 smokers strongly supports our hypothesis that some smokers activate NNK more extensively than others and that the ratio between biomarkers of metabolic activation and detoxification at a given dose of NNK could be a potential indicator of cancer risk.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=53549092523&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=53549092523&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2844
DO - 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2844
M3 - Article
C2 - 18628430
AN - SCOPUS:53549092523
SN - 1055-9965
VL - 17
SP - 1764
EP - 1773
JO - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
JF - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
IS - 7
ER -