Abstract
Dose–response assays and surrogate species are standard methods for risk analysis for environmental chemicals. These assume that individuals within a species have unimodal responses and that a surrogate species can predict responses of other related taxa. We exposed immature individuals of closely related aphidophagous coccinellid predators, Cycloneda sanguinea and Harmonia axyridis, to Cry1Ac and Cry1F toxins through uniform and constant artificial tritrophic exposure through Myzus persicae aphids. Both toxins were detected in coccinellid pupae, with individual and interspecific variation. Uptake was significantly higher in H. axyridis than in C. sanguinea, both in the proportion of individuals and the concentrations per individual. We also observed bimodal uptake of the Cry toxins by H. axyridis, which indicated that some individuals had low bioaccumulation and some had high bioaccumulation. This suggests that standard dose–response assays need to be interpreted with caution and future assays should examine the modality of the responses. In addition, the similarity in the biological effects of the Cry toxins in the two predators was due to different biological exposure mechanisms. The majority of H. axyridis were exposed both internally and in the gut, while C. sanguinea was exposed primarily in the gut. Thus, despite their close phylogenetic relatedness, these species would not be good surrogates for each other and the surrogate species methodology should be tested more rigorously.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 601-607 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | Ecotoxicology |
Volume | 25 |
Issue number | 3 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Apr 1 2016 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:We would like to thank H. F. van Emden, Michael Birkett, and Sarah Y. Dewhirst for the information regarding the artificial liquid diet and system to rear M. persicae; and Bruna Lima and Caroline A. Muniz for their assistance. This work was supported by Embrapa 02.11.07.003.00.00 Grant. A. B. received fellowship from LAC Biosafety project (GEF/World Bank Grant Numbers TF091844 and TF092071).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
Keywords
- Coccinellid
- GM crops
- Predator
- Surrogacy