TY - GEN
T1 - Scale formation on polypropylene and copper tubes during open-loop exposure to mildly supersaturated potable water
AU - Wu, Zhen
AU - Francis, Lorraine F.
AU - Davidson, Jane H.
PY - 2008
Y1 - 2008
N2 - The accumulation of crystalline deposits, or scale, on polypropylene and copper tubes in a laminar flow of 40°C tap water is quantified. The experimental conditions reflect realistic conditions in solar water heating systems. The chemistry of the tap water is controlled to provide mildly supersaturated conditions at pH = 8. Supersaturation is 5 with respect to calcite and 8 with respect to hydroxyapatite. Sample tubes are analyzed for 1 to 8 weeks. The microstructure and composition of the scale are examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ion chromatography. The scaling rates for polypropylene and copper tubes are 0.8 × 10 -10 and 1.7 × 10 -10 (mol Ca)/(m 2s), respectively. The oxidized copper surface is more susceptible to calcium phosphate scaling and this tendency results in the higher scaling rate for copper in tap water containing phosphate.
AB - The accumulation of crystalline deposits, or scale, on polypropylene and copper tubes in a laminar flow of 40°C tap water is quantified. The experimental conditions reflect realistic conditions in solar water heating systems. The chemistry of the tap water is controlled to provide mildly supersaturated conditions at pH = 8. Supersaturation is 5 with respect to calcite and 8 with respect to hydroxyapatite. Sample tubes are analyzed for 1 to 8 weeks. The microstructure and composition of the scale are examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ion chromatography. The scaling rates for polypropylene and copper tubes are 0.8 × 10 -10 and 1.7 × 10 -10 (mol Ca)/(m 2s), respectively. The oxidized copper surface is more susceptible to calcium phosphate scaling and this tendency results in the higher scaling rate for copper in tap water containing phosphate.
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M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:84868626620
SN - 9781605604787
T3 - American Solar Energy Society - SOLAR 2008, Including Proc. of 37th ASES Annual Conf., 33rd National Passive Solar Conf., 3rd Renewable Energy Policy and Marketing Conf.: Catch the Clean Energy Wave
SP - 819
EP - 826
BT - American Solar Energy Society - SOLAR 2008, Including Proc. of 37th ASES Annual Conf., 33rd National Passive Solar Conf., 3rd Renewable Energy Policy and Marketing Conf.
T2 - SOLAR 2008: Catch the Clean Energy Wave, Including 37th ASES Annual Conference, 33rd National Passive Solar Conference and 3rd Renewable Energy Policy and Marketing Conference
Y2 - 3 May 2008 through 8 May 2008
ER -
